Jain temples, Halebidu

Jain Basadi complex in Halebidu, Hassan district consists of three Jain Basadis (Basti or temples) dedicated to the Jain Tirthankars Parshvanatha, Shantinatha and Adinatha. The complex is situated near Kedareshwara temple and Dwarasamudra lake. These temples were constructed in 12th century during the reign of Hoysala Empire along with Kedareshwara temple and Hoysaleswara Temple have been proposed to be listed under UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Jain Basadis of Halebidu
Parshvanatha Basadi
Religion
AffiliationJainism
DeityParshvanatha, Shantinatha and Adinatha
FestivalsMahavir Jayanti
Location
LocationHassan, Karnataka, India
Geographic coordinates13°12′31.2″N 75°59′42.4″E
Architecture
CreatorVishnuvardhana, Veera Ballala II
Date established12th century
Temple(s)3
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Archaeological Survey of India has listed all three basadi in the complex in the list of "Must See" Indian Heritage.[1][2][3]

History

Halebidu was capital of the Hoysala Empire between the c. 11th to 14th century CE when Jainism maintained a strong presence in the region. The region was called Dorasamudra or Dwarasamundra during the rule of Hoysala.[4] Bittiga (later became Vishnuvardhana), is considered the greatest king of Hoysala kingdom was a Jain till around 1115 after which he converted to Vaishnavism under the influence of the Hindu saint Ramanujacharya.[5][6][7] However, he still recognized Jainism on par with Hinduism.[8] During their regime, Hinduism and Jainism co-existed with utmost religious harmony.[3] Vishnuvardhana's wife Shantala Devi remained a follower of Jainism.[9][10][11] These temple were later maintained by Maharaja of Mysore.[12] There are three basads in this complex:[13]

The Parshvanatha Basadi was built by Boppadeva in 1133 A.D. during the reign of King Vishnuvardhana.[14] Boppadeva was the son of the notable Gangaraja, a minister under Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana. The construction of the temple coincided with the victory of Narasimha I as the royal heir to the throne. The deity therefore is called Vijaya Parsvanatha (lit, "victorious Parsvanatha").[15]

The Shantinatha Basadi was built around 1192 A.D., during the reign of Veera Ballala II.[16][14]

The Adinatha Basadi is the smallest of the Jain basadis also built in c. 12th century.[17] A monolith of Bahubali which was present inside this temple but now displayed outside Halebidu museum.[18][19]

In 1930, the temples along with the town were plundered by Malik Kafur, general of Alauddin Khalji and were destroyed in period of 16 years during the Siege of Dwarasamudra and the invasion by Muhammad bin Tughluq was followed shortly after the during the Siege of Dwarasamudra.[8][20][21][22] The Wodeyar of Mysore & Ummathur (1399–1610), Nayakas of Keladi (1550–1763) were hostile Jains.[23] In 1683, they stamped linga symbol in the main basati of Jains in Halebid and Jains were forced to perform Shiva rites.[24]

Architecture

While Hoysaleswara temple and Kedareshwara temple are famous workmanship, The Jain basadis are famous for architectural tradition.[25] The temples are great example on dravidian architecture.[8]

Parshvanatha Basadi
Exquisite carvings of lathe turned Pillar in Parsvanatha Basadi

Parshvanatha Basadi is notable for its architecture. This temple is famous for the beautiful navaranga halls and exquisite carvings on the lathe turned pillars.[26] these pillars are massive placed to each other, which according to Kurt Bruhn signifies "the many layers karma that ways us down with their black color representing timelessness, like it is for tirthankars".[27] The ceiling of the mandapa and mahamandapa is ornate with the sculpture of yaksha Dharanendra at center.[1]

The temple has a Ardhamandapa ("half hall") and a Mahamandapa ("great hall") with a monolithic 18 feet (5.5 m) idol of Parshvanatha in Kayotsarga posture. Sculptures of yaksha Dharanendra and yakshi Padmavati are present in the mahamantapa.[15] There is a famous image of Padmavati with three hooded cobra over her head and with fruits in three hands and a weapon in forth.[28] This temple is the largest among three Jain basadis in Halebidu. The temple also features niches for idols of the 24 tirthankaras.[8]

Shantinatha Basadi

Shantinatha Basadi consist of a garbhagriha ("sanctum"), ardhamandapa, mahamandapa, large granite pillars with the inner sanctum consisting of a block stone 18 feet (5.5 m) image of Shantinatha, the sixteenth tirthankar. The merloned structure is supported by a square pillared porch with granite pillars. The adhisthana mouldings are similar to Parsvanatha Basti.[16] A series of lathe-turned pillars supports the ceiling.[2] The previous Mahamastakabhisheka was organised in January 2010.[12][29]

Adinatha Basadi

Adinatha Basadi is a small non-ornate temple consisting of garbhagriha, mandapa ("hall") with the image of the Adinatha and beautifully carved the Hindu goddess Saraswati.[17] The original idol of Adinatha was a staut figure in lotus position; However, kept in navaranga hall after it broke.[30] There is a statue of Jina equal in the height to other two basadi.[27] The sanctum is bereft of superstructure.[3]

The basadi complex also includes a monolithic 18 feet tall manasthamba and Hulikere kalyani (reservoir).[31]

Excavation

In 2019, remains of Jain temple were found near Parshvanatha Basadi. In excavated structure around 10 sculptures were found, these sculptures have been moved to Halebid museum.[32] ASI started constructing a compound wall around Jain complex but during construction few Jain sculptures were found along with basement structure of another Jain temple. The sculptures were move to museum. However, the temple structure was damaged due to use of heavy earthmoving machinery.[33]

It is speculated that there are more Jain temples under earth, but ASI has not been able to excavate those.[34]

Restoration

These Jain basadi complex is protected by Archaeological Survey of India and are now proposed as UNESCO World Heritage Site.[35][8] A compound wall is being built around the temple structure found 2019, more than 1,000 sculptures have been found this area, ASI is planning to built open air museum for display.[32] These idols include an idol of Goddess Ambika represented as salabhanjika with her child in one hand and amra-lumbi (mango tree branch) in other.[36] Department of tourism has issued Rs. 30 crores to facelift Belur and Halebidu for improving religious tourism.[37] The Jain temples other than Parshvanatha Basadi, Shantinatha Basadi and Adinatha Basadi in Haledbidu are in lesser state of preservation.[10]

Halebidu is also on route followed by luxury tourist train - Golden Chariot.[38]

  • 18 feet (5.5 m) sculpture of Parshvanatha in the Parshvanatha basadi
  • Shantinatha basadi
  • 18 feet (5.5 m) sculpture of Shantinatha in the Shantinatha basadi
  • Adinatha basadi
  • Bahubali monolith of Halebidu
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See also

References

Citation
  1. ASI must see & Parsvanatha Basadi.
  2. ASI must see & Santhinatha Basadi.
  3. ASI must see & Adinatha Basadi.
  4. Chugh 2016, p. 506.
  5. Caldwell 1881, p. 43.
  6. Jones 1865, p. 209.
  7. Stein 1989, p. 16.
  8. UNESCO & Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysala.
  9. Menon 2013, p. 127.
  10. Titze & Bruhn 1998, p. 49.
  11. Government of Karnataka & A handbox of Karnataka, p. 82.
  12. Deccan Herald & Mastakabhisheka in Halebeedu.
  13. ASI & World Heritage Sites (Tentative list).
  14. Chugh 2016, p. 388.
  15. ASI & Parsvanatha Basti, Halebid.
  16. ASI & Shantinatha Basti, Halebid.
  17. ASI & Adinatha Basti, Halebid.
  18. Titze & Bruhn 1998, p. 51.
  19. ASI & Archaeological Museum, Halebid.
  20. 1886 & Hunter, p. 93.
  21. Eastwick 1879, p. 242.
  22. Kapoor 2002, p. 2771.
  23. von Glasenapp 1925, p. 71.
  24. von Glasenapp 1925, p. 72.
  25. Channarayapatna Taluka Administration & Mirroring grace in stone, p. 11.
  26. Varadpande 1987, p. 142.
  27. Titze & Bruhn 1998, p. 50.
  28. Shah 1987, p. 277.
  29. Deccan Herald & Mahamasthakabhisheka at Halebeed.
  30. Raman 1994, p. 59.
  31. Deccan Herald & Halebeedu Jain basadis.
  32. The Hindu & ASI finds ruins of ancient Jain structure at Halebid.
  33. The Hindu & Antiques found lying by the roadside in Halebid.
  34. The Times of India & Hoysala treasures waiting to be discovered.
  35. ASI Bangalore circle & Centrally Protected Monuments.
  36. Shah 1987, p. 264.
  37. Deccan Chronicle & Facelift for Belur, Halebeedu.
  38. Golden Chariot route.

Sources
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