Italian cruiser Etruria

Etruria was a protected cruiser of the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) built in the 1891 by Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando Livorno. She was the third of six vessels of the Regioni class, all of which were named for current, or in the case of Etruria, former regions of Italy. The ship was equipped with a main armament of four 15 cm (5.9 in) and six 12 cm (4.7 in) guns, and she could steam at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).

Etruria in 1895
History
Italy
Name: Etruria
Namesake: Region of Etruria
Builder: Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando, Livorno
Laid down: 1 April 1889
Launched: 23 April 1891
Fate: Sunk, 13 August 1918
General characteristics
Class and type: Regioni-class cruiser
Displacement: Full load: 3,110 long tons (3,160 t)
Length: 84.8 m (278 ft)
Beam: 12.03 m (39.5 ft)
Draft: 4.87 m (16.0 ft)
Installed power:
Propulsion:
  • 2 × screw propellers
  • 2 × triple-expansion engines
Speed: 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph)
Range: 2,100 nmi (3,900 km; 2,400 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement: 213–278
Armament:
  • 4 × 15 cm (5.9 in) guns
  • 6 × 12 cm (4.7 in) guns
  • 8 × 57 mm (2.2 in) guns
  • 2 × 37 mm (1.5 in) guns
  • 2 × 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes
Armor:

Etruria spent her early career with the main fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. In the early 1900s, she spent much of her time in North and South American waters; she visited the United States for the Jamestown Exposition and the Hudson–Fulton Celebration in 1907 and 1909. The ship took part in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, primarily by providing gunfire support to Italian troops in North Africa. Reduced to a training ship by World War I, Etruria was deliberately sunk by the Regia Marina in Livorno to convince Austria-Hungary that its espionage network had not been compromised by double agents.

Design
Main article: Regioni-class cruiser

Etruria was 84.8 meters (278 ft) long overall, had a beam of 12.03 m (39.5 ft) and a draft of 4.87 m (16.0 ft). She displaced up to 3,110 long tons (3,160 t) at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple-expansion engines, with steam supplied by four cylindrical water-tube boilers.[1] On her speed trials, she reached a maximum of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) at 7,018 indicated horsepower (5,233 kW).[2] The ship had a cruising radius of about 2,100 nautical miles (3,900 km; 2,400 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). She had a crew of between 213–278.[1]

Etruria was armed with a main battery of four 15 cm (5.9 in) L/40 guns mounted singly, with two side by side forward and two side by side aft. Six 12 cm (4.7 in) L/40 guns were placed between them, with three on each broadside. Light armament included eight 57 mm (2.2 in) guns two 37 mm (1.5 in) guns, and a pair of machine guns. She was also equipped with two 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes. Etruria was protected by a 50 mm (2 in) thick deck, and her conning tower had 50 mm thick sides.[1]

Service history

Etruria was laid down at the Odero-Terni-Orlando shipyard in Livorno on 1 April 1889.[1] Shortages of funding slowed the completion Etruria and her sister ships. Tight budgets forced the navy to reduce the pace of construction so that the funds could be used to keep the active fleet in service.[3] As a result, it took two years to complete her hull, which was launched on 23 April 1891. Fitting-out work proceeded even more slowly; she was not ready for commissioning until 11 July 1894.[1] Following her commissioning, Etruria was assigned to the Second Division of the Italian fleet in October 1894, along with the ironclad battleships Francesco Morosini, two cruisers and six torpedo boats.[4] In 1895, she the other ships were replaced by the ironclads Sardegna and Ruggiero di Lauria and the torpedo cruiser Partenope.[5] On 20 June 1895, Etruria and a fleet that included the battleships Sardegna, Re Umberto, Andrea Doria, and Ruggiero di Lauria, visited Germany for the ceremony of the opening of the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal. Contingents from Britain, France, Russia, Spain, and several other countries joined the celebration.[6]

Etruria during the Hudson–Fulton Celebration in 1909

Etruria was stationed in the Red Sea to support colonial forces in Italian Eritrea in 1902.[7] In April 1907, Etruria and the armored cruiser Varese crossed the Atlantic to represent Italy during the Jamestown Exposition, the commemoration of the 300th anniversary of the Jamestown colony, the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. In addition to the Austro-Hungarian delegation, the international fleet consisted of warships from Great Britain, Japan, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and several other nations.[8] Etruria returned to the United States in September 1909 for the Hudson–Fulton Celebration in New York City, which also included ships from the German, British, and French fleets, among others, in addition to the hosting US Navy. On this occasion, she was joined by the training cruiser Etna.[9]

Etruria also represented Italy at the commemoration of Peruvian pilot Jorge Chávez on 27 October 1910, who had been killed in a crash attempting to cross the Alps from France to Italy a month before. The French cruiser Montcalm joined Etruria for the event.[10] The ship made another visit to the United States in March 1911, this time in San Francisco. Her visit coincided with the 50th anniversary of the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March; Etruria fired a 21-gun salute in honor of the anniversary, which was returned by the US Navy training facility in the harbor.[11]

On 29 September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire in order to seize Libya.[12] At the time, Etruria was still in American waters, but she was quickly recalled.[13] On 18 October, she joined the escort for a troop convoy headed to Benghazi. The convoy was heavily protected against a possible Ottoman attack: the escort comprised the four Regina Elena-class pre-dreadnought battleships, her sister Liguria and another cruiser, and five destroyers. The Italian fleet bombarded the city the next morning after the Ottoman garrison refused to surrender. During the bombardment, parties from the ships and the infantry from the troopships went ashore.[14] The Italians quickly forced the Ottomans to withdraw into the city by evening. After a short siege, the Ottoman forces withdrew on 29 October, leaving the city to the Italians.[15]

By December, Etruria had been moved to Tobruk, where she provided gunfire support to the Italians defending the city. She was joined there by Etna and twelve torpedo boats. In the meantime, most of the fleet had returned to Italy for refitting.[16] In January 1912, Etruria was moved back to Benghazi.[17] For the next six months she remained here, supporting the garrison against Ottoman counter-attacks. The ship repeatedly shelled the Ottoman camps outside the city.[18] On 15 October, the Ottomans surrendered, ending the war.[19]

Etruria was stationed in Libya as part of the local defense force, which included the old ironclad battleships Lepanto and Enrico Dandolo, along with several smaller vessels.[20] By the outbreak of World War I, the ship had been reduced to a training cruiser. The Italian Navy deliberately blew up Etruria in Livorno on 13 August 1918, ostensibly as an act of sabotage by Austro-Hungarian agents in Italy. The purported agents had in fact been coopted as double agents, and the destruction of Etruria was meant to strengthen Austro-Hungarian confidence in their espionage network.[21]

Notes
  1. Gardiner, p. 349
  2. "Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats" 1896, p. 68
  3. "Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats" 1891, p. 41
  4. "Naval and Military Notes" no. 203, p. 89
  5. Brassey, p. 134
  6. "Naval and Military Notes" no. 207, pp. 518–519
  7. "Naval Notes", p. 1075
  8. Final Report, p. 59
  9. Kunz, pp. 317–318
  10. Aircraft, p. 431
  11. Army and Navy Register, p. 22
  12. Beehler, p. 6
  13. Beehler, p. 11
  14. Beehler, p. 27
  15. Beehler, pp. 28–29
  16. Beehler, p. 47
  17. Beehler, p. 50
  18. Beehler, pp. 81, 84
  19. Beehler, p. 95
  20. Earle, p. 1349
  21. O'Hara, Dickson, & Worth, p. 187
gollark: Basically, instead of the accursed interbridge bridge logic I just maintain a list of individual channel-channel links.
gollark: In ABR-EV?
gollark: This is a much better design and I really should have done it this way from the start, wow.
gollark: What?
gollark: I can drop all the horrible interbridge stuff if I just [REDACTED] all is bee.

References
  • Aircraft. New York: Lawson Publishing Co. 1 (12). 1911. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • Army and Navy Register. Washington DC: Army and Navy Register Pub. Co. XLIX. 1911. OCLC 8450775. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • Beehler, William Henry (1913). The History of the Italian-Turkish War: September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. OCLC 1408563.
  • Brassey, Thomas A., ed. (1896). The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • Earle, Ralph (ed.). Proceedings. Annapolis: US Naval Institute. ISSN 0041-798X. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.
  • Kunz, George Frederick (October 1909). "The Hudson-Fulton Celebration of 1909". The Popular Science Monthly. Vol. LXXV no. 4. New York: The Science Press. pp. 313–337.
  • "Naval and Military Notes". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XXXIX (203): 81–111. 1895. doi:10.1080/03071849509417949. OCLC 8007941.
  • "Naval and Military Notes". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XXXIX (207): 511–538. 1895. doi:10.1080/03071849509416154. OCLC 8007941.
  • "Naval Notes". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. London: J. J. Keliher. XLVI: 1060–1079. 1902. OCLC 8007941.
  • "Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats". Notes on the Year's Naval Progress. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office: 7–70. 1891.
  • "Notes on Ships and Torpedo Boats". Notes on the Year's Naval Progress. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office: 11–94. 1896.
  • O'Hara, Vincent; Dickson, W. David; Worth, Richard (2013). To Crown the Waves: The Great Navies of the First World War. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781612510828.
  • The Final Report of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Commission. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. 1909.
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