Italian battleship Regina Elena

Regina Elena was the lead ship of her class built for the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy). The ship was built by the La Spezia shipyard between 1901 and 1907, and was armed with a main battery of two 12 in (300 mm) guns and twelve 8 in (200 mm) guns. She was quite fast for the period, with a top speed of nearly 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph). Regina Elena was active in both the Italo-Turkish War with the Ottoman Empire in 1911–1912, where she participated in the Italian conquest of Cyrenaica, and World War I in 1915–1918, where she saw no action due to the threat of submarines in the narrow confines of the Adriatic Sea. She was retained for a few years after the war, but was ultimately stricken in February 1923 and broken up for scrap.

Regina Elena on 17 May 1907, about four months before she was commissioned.
History
Italy
Name: Regina Elena
Namesake: Elena of Montenegro (1873–1952), Queen of Italy (1900–1946)
Builder: La Spezia Naval Shipyard
Laid down: 27 March 1901
Launched: 19 June 1904
Completed: 11 September 1907
Stricken: 16 February 1923
Fate: Scrapped
General characteristics
Class and type: Regina Elena-class pre-dreadnought battleship
Displacement: 13,807 long tons (14,029 t)
Length: 144.6 m (474 ft)
Beam: 22.4 m (73 ft)
Draft: 8.58 m (28.1 ft)
Propulsion: 2 Triple expansion steam engines
Speed: 20.8 knots (38.5 km/h; 23.9 mph)
Range: 10,000 nmi (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement: 742–764
Armament:
Armor:

Design
A line drawing of the Regina Elena-class battleships from the 1912 edition of Brassey's Naval Annual.
Main article: Regina Elena-class battleship

Regina Elena was 144.6 meters (474 ft) long overall and had a beam of 22.4 m (73 ft) and a maximum draft of 8.58 m (28.1 ft). She displaced 13,807 long tons (14,029 t) at full combat load. Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical triple expansion engines. Steam for the engines was provided by twenty-eight coal-fired Belleville boilers. The ship's propulsion system provided a top speed of 20.8 knots (38.5 km/h; 23.9 mph) and a range of approximately 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Regina Elena had a crew of 742–764 officers and enlisted men.[1][2]

As built, the ship was armed with two 12 in (300 mm) 40-caliber guns placed in two single gun turrets, one forward and one aft. The ship was also equipped with twelve 8 in (200 mm) 45-cal. guns in six twin turrets amidships. Close-range defense against torpedo boats was provided by a battery of sixteen 3 in (76 mm) 40-cal. guns. Regina Elena was also equipped with two 17.7 in (450 mm) torpedo tubes placed in the hull below the waterline. Regina Elena was protected with Krupp steel manufactured in Terni. The main belt was 9.8 in (250 mm) thick, and the deck was 1.5 in (38 mm) thick. The conning tower was protected by 10 in (250 mm) of armor plating. The main battery guns had 8 in (200 mm) thick plating, and the 8-inch gun turrets had 6 in (150 mm) thick sides.[1]

Service history

Regina Elena was laid down at the La Spezia shipyard on 27 March 1901, and was launched on 19 June 1904. After fitting-out work was completed, she was commissioned into the Italian fleet on 11 September 1907.[1] She thereafter served in the Mediterranean Squadron,[3] and was ready for the annual maneuvers in late September and early October, under the command of Vice Admiral Alfonso di Brocchetti.[4] In April 1908, Regina Elena participated in a naval demonstration off Asia Minor in protest of the Ottoman decision to prohibit Italian post offices in Ottoman territory. The ship was at that time commanded by Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi.[5] The ship went to Messina in the aftermath of the 1908 Messina earthquake.[6] Regina Elena remained in the active duty squadron through 1910, by which time her three sisters had been completed, bringing the total number of front-line battleships to six, including the two Regina Margherita-class battleships.[7][Note 1]

Italo-Turkish War
Regina Elena at anchor
Main article: Italo-Turkish War

On 29 September 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire in order to seize Libya.[8] For the duration of the conflict, Regina Elena was assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Squadron along with her three sisters, under the command of Vice Admiral Augusto Aubry. She joined the squadron late, on 5 October.[9] On 18 October, Regina Elena and her three sisters, along with three cruisers and several destroyers and torpedo boats escorted a convoy that carried half of the 2nd Infantry Division to Benghazi. When the Ottomans refused to surrender the city before the amphibious assault, the Italian fleet opened fire on the Turkish defenders at 08:00, while landing parties from the ships and the Army infantry went ashore.[10] The Italians quickly forced the Ottomans to withdraw into the city by evening. After a short siege, the Ottoman forces withdrew on 29 October, leaving the city to the Italians.[11]

By December, Regina Elena and the other ships of the 1st Squadron were dispersed in the ports of Cyrenaica. Regina Elena, Roma, and the armored cruiser San Marco were stationed in Benghazi, with Regina Elena recently arriving from Tobruk. While there, they supported the Italian Army as it occupied the city and surrounding area by contributing landing parties and providing fire support to the ground troops.[12] The gunfire support supplied by Regina Elena contributed to the defeat of a major attack on the city by an Ottoman army on 14–15 December.[13] In early 1912, most of the fleet had withdrawn to Italy for repairs and refit, leaving only a small force of cruisers and light craft to patrol the North African coast.[14]

In March 1914, Regina Elena was involved in experiments with wireless telegraphy in Syracuse, Sicily. The tests were conducted by Guglielmo Marconi and were supervised by the Duke of the Abruzzi.[15]

World War I
Regina Elena at Taranto in May 1915.

Italy declared neutrality after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, but by July 1915, the Triple Entente had convinced the Italians to enter the war against the Central Powers.[16] The primary naval opponent for the duration of the war was the Austro-Hungarian Navy; the Naval Chief of Staff, Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel, believed the threat from submarines in the confined waters of the Adriatic was too serious to permit an active fleet policy.[17] He therefore planned a distant blockade with the battle fleet, while smaller vessels, such as the MAS boats conducted raids. The heavy ships of the Italian fleet would be preserved for a potential major battle in the event that the Austro-Hungarian fleet should emerge from its bases.[18]

As a result, the ship's career during the war was limited. During the war, Regina Elena and her three sisters were assigned to the 2nd Division. They spent much of the war rotating between the bases at Taranto, Brindisi, and Valona, but did not see combat.[19] On 14–15 May 1917, three light cruisers of the Austro-Hungarian Navy raided the Otranto Barrage; in the ensuring Battle of the Strait of Otranto, Regina Elena and her sisters raised steam to assist the Allied warships, but the Italian commander refused to permit them to join the battle for fear of risking their loss in the submarine-infested Adriatic.[20]

Under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty, Italy was permitted to retain Regina Elena and her three sisters.[21] The Italian Navy could have kept the ships in service indefinitely, but they could not be replaced by new battleships under the normal practice of the Treaty system.[22] Nevertheless, she was stricken from the naval register on 16 February 1923 and subsequently broken up for scrap.[1]

Footnotes
Notes
  1. These were all pre-dreadnought battleships, and were thus obsolescent by this period, but Italy's first dreadnought, Dante Alighieri, did not enter service until 1913. See: Gardiner & Gray, p. 259
Citations
  1. Gardiner, p. 344
  2. Gardiner & Gray, p. 255
  3. Brassey 1908, p. 52
  4. Brassey 1908, pp. 77–78
  5. "Italy May Seize Turkish Island". The New York Times. 19 April 1908. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  6. Hore, p. 81
  7. Brassey 1911, p. 56
  8. Beehler, p. 6
  9. Beehler, p. 9
  10. Beehler, p. 27
  11. Beehler, pp. 28–29
  12. Beehler, p. 47
  13. Beehler, p. 49
  14. Beehler, p. 64
  15. "Warship for Marconi Test" (PDF). The New York Times. 2 March 1914. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  16. Halpern 1995, p. 140
  17. Halpern 1995, p. 150
  18. Halpern 1995, pp. 141–142
  19. Halpern 2004, p. 20
  20. Halpern 1995, p. 156
  21. Washington Naval Treaty, Chapter II: Part I
  22. Gardiner & Gray, p. 254
gollark: Also, I have to get some debugging information out *entirely* through different beeping noises.
gollark: They don't really have room for internet/wireless cards quite often.
gollark: In my testing it was mostly on-the-dot accurate, but sometimes one coord would be off by a lot and it made a bunch of drones go rogue.
gollark: I actually tried to make that, but it returned inaccurate results sometimes and I have no idea why.
gollark: Developing for EEPROMs is somewhat annoying, yes.

References
  • Beehler, William Henry (1913). The History of the Italian-Turkish War: September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute. OCLC 1408563.
  • Brassey, Thomas A., ed. (1908). Brassey's Naval Annual. Portsmouth, UK: J. Griffin & Co. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • Brassey, Thomas A., ed. (1911). Brassey's Naval Annual. Portsmouth, UK: J. Griffin & Co. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1860–1905. Annapolis: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8.
  • Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-352-4.
  • Halpern, Paul G. (2004). The Battle of the Otranto Straights: Controlling the Gateway to the Adriatic in WWI. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004. ISBN 9780253343796.
  • Hore, Peter (2006). The Ironclads. London: Southwater Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84476-299-6.

Further reading
  • Fraccaroli, Aldo (1970). Italian Warships of World War I. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-7110-0105-3.

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