Intercession

Intercession or intercessory prayer is the act of praying to a deity on behalf of others. In Western Christianity, intercession forms a distinct form of prayer, alongside Adoration, Confession and Thanksgiving.

For academic mid-term break, see Intersession.

The Apostle Paul's exhortation to Timothy specified that intercession prayers can be made for those in authority.

I urge, then, first of all, that petitions, prayers, intercession and thanksgiving be made for all people—for kings and all those in authority, that we may live peaceful and quiet lives in all godliness and holiness.

— 1 Timothy 2:1–2

Studies on intercessory prayer have generally shown inconclusive results, with some giving little effect, but with the most methodologically sound studies showing no effect.

Christianity

In the early Church

The early Christians continued to practice intercessory prayer on behalf of others after Jesus' death. St. Ignatius of Antioch was one man who exhorted Christians to continue to pray for others, and especially for those who became Docetists or held other heretical beliefs.[1] In his letter to the churches of Smyrna, St. Ignatius exhorts the Christians there to pray for other people: "only you must pray to God for them, if by any means they may be brought to repentance, which, however, will be very difficult. Yet Jesus Christ, who is our true life, has the power of [effecting] this".[2] Throughout all of Ignatius's letters, the word for prayers of intercession appear nineteen times, and Ignatius asks for prayer "for himself (eight times), for the Christian church in Syria (seven times), for persecutors, heretics, and all people generally (once each)".[3]

St. Ignatius and the other church fathers, such as Paul the Apostle, who were keen on intercessory prayer based this practice on Jesus' own teachings which required that one pray for others, especially one's enemies:

But to you who are listening I say: Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who mistreat you.

— Luke 6:27–28

According to Lionel Swain, of St. Edmund's College, Ware, St. Paul believed intercession to be one of the most important aspects of faith and praying life, as praying for others is a recurring theme in his works.[4] Prayer acts as a way for St. Paul to acknowledge God's power. Intercessory prayer also acts as a way for the Apostle to "share in ... the Father's redemptive love".[5] Paul believed that prayer transformed the person doing the praying, as much as the one being prayed for, which creates a stronger bond between him and God.[5]

Prof. Dr Johannes van Oort, Professor Extraordinarius in the Department of Church History and Church Polity of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Pretoria, South Africa adds that, in addition to praying for wisdom, the early church was very much involved with different charismas, one of which being healing. Praying for other people's illnesses was another way that intercessory prayer was important in the early church, as healing was a sign of "the power of God's Kingdom".[6] This gift of healing is specifically mentioned, among the other charismata, as a sign of being a true Christian by Irenaeus of Lyons in his text, Against Heresies.[7]

Saints

Intercession of the saints is a doctrine held by the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches that saints may be asked to intercede (or pray) for others. The doctrine of requesting intercession from saints can be found in Christian writings from the 3rd century AD.[8][9] The 4th-century Apostles' Creed states belief in the communion of saints which certain Christian churches interpret as supporting the intercession of saints. Following the stream of Judaic-Christian tradition, Judaism allows for the petition of the saints. In Lutheran teachings all believers are saints, but prayer to saints who have been transferred to the Church Triumphant is forbidden.

The dead
Main article: Prayer for the dead

In addition to praying for each other in life, early Christians would pray for those who had died.[10] There is no unequivocal evidence that Christians began to pray for the dead before the third century AD.[11] G. F. Hamilton argues that the earliest example of Church prayer on behalf of dead Christians are found in the Sacramentary of Serapion of Thmuis (350 AD).[12] Rather than pray for the departed in regular church services on Sunday, these early Christians would hold special commemorative occasions during the week. There was a sharp distinction drawn between remembering and praying on behalf of the dead, and those who were the "'faithfully' departed",[13] where Christians would only pray for those who had died as believers. The First Epistle of Clement (95 AD) contains a prayer, while mainly for protection for the living, also includes the dead.[11] Even quite early, a distinction was drawn between those who had died as Christians, and those who had died as unbelievers. In the Martyrdom of Polycarp (155 AD), Polycarp is killed and his bones are taken by fellow Christians and a shrine is set up to him, where they may remember his martyrdom.[11][14] In contrast, the "Apology of Aristides" shows how those who were not Christians were grieved for, while the dead faithful were rejoiced over.[15][16]

Islam
Main articles: Shafa'ah and Tawassul

Although the idea of intercession or mediation (Arabic: s̲h̲afāʿa) has historically played a very prominent role in Islamic thought,[17] it is not universally accepted by all Muslims in the present day.[17] The Quran says that the pre-Islamic Arab pagan gods will not be able to intercede with God on behalf of humankind,[18] and that "the guilty" (al-mujrimīn, 74:41) will not benefit from any intercession on the Day of Judgment.[19] However, "intercession is mentioned in the Qurʾān with respect to angels praying for the believers and the Prophet praying for erring but repentant Muslims."[20] Furthermore, it became an orthodox Islamic doctrine or "cardinal belief"[20] that "Muḥammad will intercede for all Muslims on the Day of Resurrection."[20] While this particular tenet practically remained unchallenged throughout Islamic history, the widespread Sunni and Shia practice of asking deceased prophets and saints for intercession by praying at their tombs have become contentious issues in the modern Islamic world, with all these different types of intercession often being labelled by Salafi and Wahhabi Muslims as a type of polytheism,[20] in a manner akin to the attitude of many Protestants towards the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox practice of saint-intercession. In prophetic sayings there is intercession of martyrs for "seventy relatives" in the Hereafter.[21]

Studies
Main article: Studies on intercessory prayer

Some religions claim that praying for somebody who is sick can have positive effects on the health of the person being prayed for.

Meta-studies of the literature in the field have been performed showing evidence only for no effect or a potentially small effect. For instance, a 2006 meta analysis on 14 studies concluded that there is "no discernible effect" while a 2007 systemic review of intercessory prayer reported inconclusive results, noting that 7 of 17 studies had "small, but significant, effect sizes" but the review noted that the most methodologically rigorous studies failed to produce significant findings.[22][23]

gollark: I have been meaning to repurpose a spare very outdated tablet as a wall-mounted information display of some sort but never found much to put on it. Perhaps that would be "useful".
gollark: By my rough count, it's only about 300 nanoideologies per person.
gollark: I mean, obviously.
gollark: I guess you'd want to reweight slightly so that you don't pick everything from Marxism (because it has a ton of variants).
gollark: It should be easy enough to automatically extract all the names from this and then manually filter out some of the things which don't really work on a calendar-type thing.

See also

References
  1. Shepherd, Jr. Massey Hamilton. "Smyrna in the Ignatian Letters: A Study in Church Order". The Journal of Religion 20.2 (1940): 151. Web.
  2. "CHURCH FATHERS: Epistle to the Smyrnaeans (St. Ignatius)". www.newadvent.org.
  3. "Smyrna in the Ignatian Letters: A Study in Church Order". The Journal of Religion 20.2 (1940): 152.
  4. John Greehy, John Quinlan, Lionel Swain and S. Purcell. "Homiletic Notes", 17 The Furrow Vol. 19, No. 11, Supplement: The Bible, No. 6 (Autumn, 1968), pp. 14–19
  5. "Homiletic Notes" 17
  6. van Oort, Johannes. "The Holy Spirit and the Early Church: The Experience of the Spirit". Hervormde Teologiese Studies 68.1 (2012): 1–7.
  7. "CHURCH FATHERS: Against Heresies, II.32 (St. Irenaeus)". www.newadvent.org.
  8. "On the Intercession and Invocation of the Saints". orthodoxinfo.com.
  9. "The Intercession of the Saints". Catholic Answers. Archived from the original on 2009-06-19. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
  10. G. F. Hamilton. "Prayers of the Ancient Church for the Faithful Departed". The Irish Church Quarterly Vol. 9, No. 35 (July 1916), pp. 201
  11. Hamilton 203
  12. Hamilton 209
  13. Hamilton 202
  14. "The Martyrdom of Polycarp (Hoole translation)". www.earlychristianwritings.com.
  15. Hamilton 204
  16. "The Apology of Aristides the Philosopher". www.earlychristianwritings.com.
  17. Wensinck, A.J., Gimaret, D. and Schimmel, Annemarie, “S̲h̲afāʿa”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.
  18. See Quran 19:87, 36:23
  19. See 74:48
  20. Hoffman, Valerie J., “Intercession”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC.
  21. http://en.islamtoday.net/node/1318. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  22. K. Masters, G. Spielmans, J. Goodson "Are there demonstrable effects of distant intercessory prayer? A meta-analytic review." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2006 Aug;32(1):21-6.
  23. David R. Hodge, "A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature on Intercessory Prayer" in Research on Social Work Practice March 2007 vol. 17 no. 2 174-187 doi:10.1177/1049731506296170 Article abstract Archived 2011-12-02 at the Wayback Machine Full length article
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