Indian crested porcupine

The Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica), or Indian porcupine, is a large species of hystricomorph rodent (order Rodentia) belonging to the Old World porcupine family, Hystricidae.[1] It is native to southern Asia and the Middle East.[1]

Indian crested porcupine

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Hystricidae
Genus: Hystrix
Species:
H. indica
Binomial name
Hystrix indica
Kerr, 1792

Description

The Indian crested porcupine is a large rodent, weighing 11–18 kg.[2] Their body (from the nose to the base of the tail) measures between 70–90 cm, with the tail adding an additional 8–10 cm.[3] The lifespan of wild Indian crested porcupines is unknown, but the oldest known captive individual was a female that lived to be 27.1 years old.[2]

It is covered in multiple layers of modified hair called quills, with longer, thinner quills covering a layer of shorter, thicker ones.[2] The quills are brown or black with alternating white and black bands.[4] They are made of keratin and are relatively flexible.[4] Each quill is connected to a muscle at its base, allowing the porcupine to raise its quills when it feels threatened.[4] The longest quills are located on the neck and shoulder, where the quills form a "skirt" around the animal.[4] These quills can grow up to 51 cm (20 in) long,[4] with most measuring between 15–30 cm.[5] Smaller (20 cm) and more rigid quills are packed densely on the back and rump.[4] These smaller quills are used to stab at potential threats.[4] The base of the tail contains shorter quills that appear white in color, with longer, hollow quills that the porcupine can rattle to produce a warning sound when threatened.[6] Contrary to popular belief, Indian crested porcupines (like all porcupines) cannot shoot their quills.[4]

The Indian crested porcupine has a stocky build with a low surface area to volume ratio, which aids in heat conservation.[7] It has broad feet with long claws used for burrowing.[2] Like all porcupines, the Indian crested porcupine has a good sense of smell and sharp, chisel-like incisors.[4]

Distribution and habitat
Indian crested porcupine on a rocky hillside

Indian crested porcupines are found throughout southwest and central Asia,[2] including Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Yemen.[1] Due to their flexible environmental tolerances, Indian crested porcupines occupy a broad range of habitats.[1] They prefer rocky hillsides,[2] but are also common in tropical and temperate shrublands, grasslands, forests, plantations, and gardens.[1] Their range seems to be limited by seasonal densities of forage and the availability of suitable substrates for digging burrows.[8] More specifically, the northern range of the Indian crested porcupine is limited by minimum summer night duration: they do not occur above latitudes where minimum night duration is less than 7 hours, presumably because of the amount of foraging time required to meet their dietary needs.[9]

In 2018, a porcupine was spotted at Wadi Wurayah in the United Arab Emirates.[10][11]

Diet
A captive H. indica eating plant material

Indian crested porcupines have a very broad and mostly herbivorous diet.[2] They consume a variety of natural and agricultural plant material, including roots, bulbs, fruits, grains, drupe and tubers, along with insects and small vertebrates.[2][3][12][13] Because they are cecal digesters, they are able to exploit low quality forage.[14] They have also been known to chew on bones to acquire minerals, such as calcium, that aid in quill growth.[3][5] Their capability to form substantial fat reserves is a useful adaptation for living in seasonally fluctuating habitats.[7]

These porcupines can act as substantial habitat modifiers when excavating for tubers.[15][16] They are also considered serious agricultural pests in many parts of their range due to their taste for agricultural crops.[9][17] For these reasons, they are often regarded as a nuisance.[1]

Behavior

Like other Old World porcupines, the Indian crested porcupine is nocturnal.[2] Both adults and weaned juveniles spend an average of 7 hours foraging every night.[9][18][19] They tend to avoid moonlight in the winter months, which could be a strategy to evade predation.[18] However, during summer months they do not avoid moonlight (likely because there are less dark hours during which to forage), but instead tend to stay closer to their dens.[18] During the day, they remain in their dens,[19][20] but throughout the winter, they occasionally emerge from their dens during daylight hours to bask in the sun.[7]

The Indian crested porcupine is semifossorial.[2] They live in natural caves or in excavated burrows.[19][20] Because they do not climb or jump well, they spend most of their lives on or under the ground.[4] However, they are good swimmers.[4]

Predators of the Indian crested porcupine include large cats,[21][22] caracals, wolves, striped hyenas, Asian wild dogs, Saltwater crocodiles [23] and humans.[18] When excited or scared, a porcupine stands its quills up to appear larger.[4] It can also rattle the hollow quills at the base of its tail, stomp its feet, growl, grunt, or charge backward into the threat.[4]

Reproduction

Indian crested porcupines mate in February and March.[24] Gestation lasts an average of 240 days.[5] A female gives birth to one brood of two to four offspring per year.[3] Young are born with open eyes and are covered in short, soft quills that harden within a few hours after birth.[2] Young are fully weaned 13–19 weeks after birth, but remain in the den with parents and siblings until sexual maturity around 2 years of age.[24] Prof Zvi Sever finds The Indian crested porcupine is usually monogamous, and that it mates every night throughout its life, not only for reproduction, but also to maintain and strengthen the pair bond, the relationship between the male and female partners. These findings were considered innovative.[25] in the study of the evolution of sexuality, since mating not only for reproduction but also for bonding was only related to men, to Bonobo monkeys and to some dolphin species till then.

Conservation
H. indica in a trap

Due to its adaptability to a wide range of habitats and food types, the Indian crested porcupine is listed by the IUCN as Least Concern as of 2008.[1][2] Populations are stable and not severely fragmented, and while population status varies across its range, in many places it is common enough to be considered a pest.[1] However, as a result of urbanization, infrastructure development, and pesticide use, suitable porcupine habitat is currently declining.[2]

The Indian crested porcupine is protected under the India Schedule IV of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, amended up to 2002.[2] Nonetheless, because they are destructive to gardens and agricultural crops, porcupines are widely hunted.[5][26] A large trade of these porcupines exists for consumption and medicinal use.[2] Despite being considered a pest, Indian crested porcupines play an important role in spreading seeds and pollen.[2]

Selected Publications
gollark: But then you can't send power.
gollark: If it's in geosynchronous orbit, we can make a space elevator *and* provide good internet access at the same time, actually!
gollark: But you can't run an ethernet cable to space.
gollark: Apparently the most efficient way to store power is something ridiculous like pumping water up hills then extracting energy from it going back down.
gollark: True, true, so not that much.

References
  1. Amori, G.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsain, G. & Palomo, L. J. (2016). "Hystrix indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10751A115099509.
  2. "Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix indica) - Information on Indian Crested Porcupine - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  3. Prater, Stanley Henry (1965). The Book of Indian Animals. Bombay: Diocesan Press.
  4. "Indian Crested Porcupine". San Diego Zoo. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  5. Gurung, K.K.; Singh, R. (1996). Field Guide to the Mammals of the Indian Subcontinent. San Diego: Academic Press.
  6. Ellerman, J.R. (1961). The Fauna of India. New Delhi: Manager of Publications.
  7. Alkon, Philip U.; Degen, A. Allan; Cohen, Anat; Pollak, Haya (1 May 1986). "Seasonal Energy Requirements and Water Intakes of Indian Crested Porcupines (Hystrix indica) in Captivity". Journal of Mammalogy. 67 (2): 333–342. doi:10.2307/1380887. JSTOR 1380887.
  8. Gorbunov, A.V. (1985). "Features of the ecology of porcupines in the deserts of eastern Prikaspia". Soviet Journal of Ecology. 16: 248–253.
  9. Alkon, Philip U.; Saltz, David (1 May 1988). "Foraging Time and the Northern Range Limits of Indian Crested Porcupines (Hystrix indica Kerr)". Journal of Biogeography. 15 (3): 403–408. doi:10.2307/2845271. JSTOR 2845271.
  10. Haza, Ruba (12 September 2018). "Species of porcupine seen for first time in the Fujairah". The National. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  11. De Leon, Janice Ponce (13 September 2018). "First confirmed sighting of Indian crested porcupine in UAE". Fujairah: Gulf News. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  12. Gutterman, Yitzchak; Herr, Nir (1 January 1981). "Influences of porcupine (Hystrix indica) activity on the slopes on the northern Negev mountains — Germination and vegetation renewal in different geomorphological types and slope directions". Oecologia. 51 (3): 332–334. doi:10.1007/BF00540902. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 28310016.
  13. Kadhim, Abdul-Hassain H. (1 January 1997). "Distribution and reproduction of the Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica (Hystricidae: Rodentia) in Iraq". Zoology in the Middle East. 15 (1): 9–12. doi:10.1080/09397140.1997.10637731. ISSN 0939-7140.
  14. Hanley, Thomas A. (1 March 1982). "The Nutritional Basis for Food Selection by Ungulates". Journal of Range Management. 35 (2): 146–151. doi:10.2307/3898379. JSTOR 3898379.
  15. Olsvig-Whittaker, L.; Shachak, M.; Yair, A. (1 November 1983). "Vegetation patterns related to environmental factors in a Negev Desert watershed". Vegetatio. 54 (3): 153–165. doi:10.1007/BF00047104. ISSN 0042-3106.
  16. Yair, A.; Shachak, M. (1 September 1982). "A case study of energy, water and soil flow chains in an arid ecosystem". Oecologia. 54 (3): 389–397. doi:10.1007/BF00380008. ISSN 0029-8549.
  17. Hafeez, Shahid; S., Khan, G.; Ashfaq, Muhammad; H., Khan, Z. "Food habits of the Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) in Faisalabad, Pakistan". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  18. Alkon, Philip U.; Mitrani, David Saltz (25 February 1988). "Influence of Season and Moonlight on Temporal-Activity Patterns of Indian Crested Porcupines (Hystrix indica)". Journal of Mammalogy. 69 (1): 71–80. doi:10.2307/1381749. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 1381749.
  19. Alkon, P. U.; Saltz, D. (1 December 1985). "Potatoes and the Nutritional Ecology of Crested Porcupines in a Desert Biome". Journal of Applied Ecology. 22 (3): 727–737. doi:10.2307/2403225. JSTOR 2403225.
  20. Harrison, D.L. (1972). The Mammals of Arabia. 3. London: Ernest Benn.
  21. Kingdon, J.S. (1974). East African Mammals. 2. London: Academic Press.
  22. Owens, Mark; Owens, Delia (1 January 1984). Cry of the Kalahari. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0395647806.
  23. Samarasinghe, Dinal J. S.; Alwis, Dilip (September 2017). "Crocodylus porosus (Saltwater Crocodile). DIET". Research Notes. Herpetological Review. 48 (3): 630–631 – via ResearchGate.
  24. van Aarde, R.J. (1985). "Reproduction in captive female Cape porcupines (Hystrix africaeaustralis)". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 75 (2): 577–582. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0750577.
  25. Z Server, Regular sex keeps porcupines faithful, New Scientist, Nov.12, 1988
  26. Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1 January 1996). Mammals of the Holy Land. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 9780896723641.
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