Hyphaene thebaica

Hyphaene thebaica, with common names doum palm (Ar: دوم) and gingerbread tree (also doom palm), is a type of palm tree with edible oval fruit. It is a native to the Arabian Peninsula and also to the northern half of Africa[2] where it is widely distributed and tends to grow in places where groundwater is present. It has been shown that dietary supplementation with doum palm extract has hypotensive and hypolipidemic effects.

Hyphaene thebaica
Doum Palm in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Arecales
Family:	Arecaceae
Genus:	Hyphaene
Species:	H. thebaica
Binomial name
Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart.

Description

The doum palm is a dioecious palm and grows up to 17 m (56 ft) high. The trunk, which can have a girth of up to 90 cm (35 in), branches dichotomously and has tufts of large leaves at the ends of the branches. The bark is fairly smooth, dark grey and bears the scars of fallen leaves. The petioles (leaf stalks) are about a metre long, sheathing the branch at the base and armed with stout upward-curving claws. The leaves are fan shaped and measure about 120 by 180 cm (47 by 71 in). Male and female flowers are produced on separate trees. The inflorescences are similar in general appearance, up to about 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) long, branching irregularly and with two or three spikes arising from each branchlet. Female trees produce large woody fruits, each containing a single seed, that remain on the tree for a long period.[3]

Distribution and habitat

The doum palm is native to the northern half of Africa. It is widespread in the Sahel and grows from Mauritania and Senegal in the west, through Central Africa, and east to Egypt, Kenya and Tanzania. It tends to grow in areas where groundwater is present and is found along the Nile River in Egypt and Sudan, in riverine areas of northwestern Kenya, and along the Niger River in West Africa. It is also native to the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula (Israel, Sinai, Yemen and Saudi Arabia) and is reportedly naturalized in the Netherlands Antilles in the Caribbean.[4] It grows in wadis and at oases, but sometimes occurs away from water and on rocky hillsides. It dislikes waterlogged soils and is very resistant to destruction by bushfires.[3]

Uses

Hyphaene thebaica - Doum palm

Hyphaene thebaica - Doum palm

Harvested by-products of the Doum palm

The doum palm flourishes in hot dry regions where little else grows and the tree is appreciated for the shade it provides. All parts of the tree are useful, but probably the most important product is the leaves. The fibre and leaflets are used by people along the Niger and Nile Rivers to weave baskets, such as in the material culture of the Manasir. Other things made from the leaves are mats, coarse textiles, brooms, ropes, string and thatch.[3] The timber is used for posts and poles, furniture manufacture and beehives, and the tree provides wood for fuel. The leaf stalks are used for fencing and the fibre is used for textiles. Other products include fishing rafts, brooms, hammocks, carpets, buttons and beads.[5]

Food

The doum palm fruit-dates are also known in Eritrea as Akat, or Akaat in the Tigre language. The thin dried brown rind is made into molasses, cakes, and sweetmeats. The unripe kernels are edible. The shoots of the germinated seeds are also eaten as a vegetable.[6] In Egypt, the fruit is sold in herbalist shops, and is popular among children, gnawing its sweet yet sour hard fibrous flesh beneath the shiny hard crust. In Diu, Una and Saurashtra region of Gujarat (India), the tree is known as Hoka Tree and the red ripe edible fruit is known as Hoka. In the northern part of Nigeria, among the Hausa people, it is known as "Goruba". In south-eastern Niger, its fruit pulp is known as "bri" and a traditional well-known millet pancake is made with this pulp as seasoning, called "massan bri". Apart from the use of the fruit as food, juice is extracted from the young fruit and palm wine is prepared from the sap. A commercial drink in Niger, called Torridité Glacée, is made from this fruit, somewhat reminiscent in taste of ice coffee or milk chocolate.[5]

Egyptian tombs

Doum palm was considered sacred by the ancient Egyptians, and the seed was found in many pharaoh's tombs. On September 24, 2007, it was announced that a team of Egyptian archaeologists led by Zahi Hawass, discovered eight baskets of 3,000-year-old doum fruit in King Tutankhamun's tomb. The fruit baskets were each 50 centimetres high, the antiquities department said. The fruit are traditionally offered at funerals.[7]

References

1. Cosiaux, A., Gardiner, L.M. & Couvreur, T.L.P. (2017). Hyphaene thebaica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T19017230A95306916. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T19017230A95306916.en. Downloaded on 28 September 2018.
2. "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
3. "Factsheet: Hyphaene thebaica". AgroForestryTree Database. World Agroforestry Centre. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2014-02-25.
4. http Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Hyphaene thebaica
5. "Doum palm". Infonet Biovision. 2011-08-08. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
6. Facciola, S., Cornucopia, A Source Book of Edible Plants Kampong.
7. "Fruit hamper found in King Tut's tomb". ABC News. 2007-09-25. Retrieved 2018-02-26.

• Hyphaene thebaica in Brunken, U., Schmidt, M., Dressler, S., Janssen, T., Thombiano, A. & Zizka, G. 2008. West African plants - A Photo Guide. Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt/Main.

External links

• USDA profile - Hyphaene thebaica
• Egypt: Trees in Egypt - Doom Tree
• Palm Fruit in Africa - Doum Fruit