History of the St. Louis Rams
The professional American football team now known as the Los Angeles Rams played in St. Louis, Missouri as the St. Louis Rams from 1995 until the end of the 2015 season, before relocating back to Los Angeles where the team played from the 1946 season to the 1994 season.
| St. Louis Rams | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Established 1995 Ended 2015 Played in St. Louis, Missouri Headquartered in Earth City, Missouri | |||||
| |||||
| League/conference affiliations | |||||
National Football League (1995–2015)
| |||||
Uniform | |||||
 | |||||
| Team colors | Millennium blue, New Century gold, white | ||||
| Mascot | Ramster (1995) Rampage (2010–2015) | ||||
| Personnel | |||||
| Owner(s) | Georgia Frontiere (1995–2008) Chip Rosenbloom (2008–2010) Lucia Rodriguez (2008–2010) Stan Kroenke (2010–2015) | ||||
| Chairman | Stan Kroenke (1995–2010) Chip Rosenbloom (2010–2015) | ||||
| Head coach | Rich Brooks (1995–1996) Dick Vermeil (1997–1999) Mike Martz (2000–2005) Joe Vitt (2005) Scott Linehan (2006–2008) Jim Haslett (2008) Steve Spagnuolo (2009–2011) Jeff Fisher (2012–2015) | ||||
| General manager | Steve Ortmayer (1995–1996) Dick Vermeil (1997–1999) Charley Armey (2000–2005) Jay Zygmunt (2006–2008) Billy Devaney (2009–2011) Les Snead (2012–2015) | ||||
| Team history | |||||
| |||||
| Team nicknames | |||||
| |||||
| Championships | |||||
| League championships (1) 1999
| |||||
Conference championships (2)
| |||||
Division championships (3)
| |||||
| Playoff appearances (5) | |||||
| |||||
| Home fields | |||||
| |||||
| This article is part of series of |
| Rams NFL franchise history |
|---|
| Cleveland Rams (1936–1945) |
| Los Angeles Rams (1946–1994) |
| St. Louis Rams (1995–2015) |
| Los Angeles Rams (2016–present) |
| List of seasons |
The Rams' relocation to St. Louis gave the city a professional football team for the first time since the end of the 1987 season. That was the last year that the now-Arizona Cardinals played there before moving to Tempe in 1988. The relocation was the second in Rams franchise history; the team previously called Cleveland, Ohio home until 1946.
The Rams played their home games at what is now known as The Dome at America's Center in downtown St. Louis, which the city had been constructing for the previous few years in the hopes of gaining an NFL team. The city was left out of the expansion that brought Charlotte and Jacksonville into the league for 1995 and another attempt to secure a franchise fell through when the ownership group controlling the New England Patriots was forced out of power by their stadium's owner and operator.
The Rams’ new stadium was not ready for them when they initially arrived in Missouri, so they were forced to temporarily share Busch Memorial Stadium with the St. Louis Cardinals. Their first game in St. Louis against the New Orleans Saints was played on September 10, 1995 with the Rams winning 17–13. The then- Trans World Dome opened on November 12, 1995 with the home team scoring a 28–17 victory against the Carolina Panthers.
The Rams' last game played in St. Louis, in what was by then known as the Edward Jones Dome, was against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 17, 2015, which they won, 31–23. The Rams’ last game as a St. Louis-based franchise was on January 3, 2016, against the San Francisco 49ers at Levi's Stadium, when they lost in overtime 19–16. Following the 2015 NFL season, the team returned to Los Angeles.
During the Rams' tenure in St. Louis, the franchise won its first and, to date, only Super Bowl title in Super Bowl XXXIV and made a second appearance in Super Bowl XXXVI. Assisted by the Greatest Show on Turf offense, the Rams enjoyed their greatest period of success from 1999 to 2003, but struggled throughout their remaining years in St. Louis. Upon their relocation back to Los Angeles, the Rams had gone twelve seasons without obtaining a winning record and eleven seasons without qualifying for the postseason.
Origins
Cardinals move to Arizona and begin new approach
For 22 of their 28 years the St. Louis Cardinals called Busch Memorial Stadium home after it opened in 1966, after spending their first six seasons in St. Louis at Sportsman's Park; they shared both stadiums with the baseball team of the same name. However, the overall mediocrity of the Cardinals, combined with stadium issues,[1] caused game attendance to dwindle. Consequently, the Bidwills, the family that owned the Cardinals, decided to move the team for a second time after having relocated the franchise from Chicago to St. Louis in 1960. The cities the Bidwills considered included Baltimore, Phoenix, New York City, and Jacksonville, whilst Columbus and Oakland also made overtures without Bidwell considering them.[2] Nonetheless, Cardinals fans were unhappy at losing their team,[3] and Bill Bidwill, fearing for his safety, stayed away from several of the 1987 home games. The Cardinals’ final home game in St. Louis was on December 13, 1987, which they won 27–24 over the New York Giants in front of 29,623 fans on a late Sunday afternoon.
Not long after the 1987 season, Bidwill agreed to move to the Phoenix area on a handshake deal with state and local officials,[4] and the team became the Phoenix Cardinals. They planned to play at Arizona State University’s Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe on a temporary basis while a new stadium was being built. Unfortunately for the Cardinals, the savings and loan crisis derailed financing for the stadium, forcing the Cardinals to play at Arizona State for 18 years. The team changed its name to the Arizona Cardinals for the 1994 season.
The move to Anaheim
Prior to the Rams’ 1979 Super Bowl season, owner Carroll Rosenbloom drowned in an accident. His widow, Georgia Frontiere, inherited 70% ownership of the team. Frontiere fired her step-son, Steve Rosenbloom, and assumed total control of the franchise. As had been planned prior to Carroll Rosenbloom's death, the Rams moved from their longtime home at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum to Anaheim Stadium in nearby Orange County in 1980. The move was necessitated in part by the fact that the Coliseum was difficult to sell out because of its abnormally large seating capacity (100,000),[5] subjecting the team to the league's local-market TV blackout rule, whenever home games did not sell out. Also, Southern California's population patterns were changing; there was rapid growth in L.A.’s affluent suburbs (e.g. greater Orange County) and a decline in the city of Los Angeles’ citizenship and earning power.[6] Anaheim Stadium was originally built in 1966 as the home of the California Angels Major League Baseball franchise. To accommodate the Rams’ move, the ballpark was reconfigured with luxury suites and enclosed to accommodate crowds of about 65,000 for football.
In 1982 the Coliseum was occupied by the Los Angeles Raiders (now the Las Vegas Raiders). The combined effect of these two factors was to force the Rams’ traditional fan base to be split between two teams. Making matters even worse, at this time the Rams were unsuccessful on the field, while the Raiders were thriving — even winning Super Bowl XVIII in 1983. Meanwhile, the Los Angeles Lakers won championships in 1980 and 1982 en route to winning five titles in that decade, the Los Angeles Dodgers won the World Series in 1981 and 1988, and the Los Angeles Kings, buoyed by the acquisition of Wayne Gretzky in August 1988, advanced to the 1993 Stanley Cup Finals.
1990–94: Frontiere’s end game for the L.A. Rams
Although not apparent at the time, the Rams’ loss in the 1989 NFC Championship Game marked the end of an era. The Rams would not have another winning season in Los Angeles before relocation. The first half of the 1990s featured four straight 10-loss (or worse) seasons, no playoff appearances and waning fan interest. The return of Chuck Knox as head coach after successful stints as head coach of the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks would not boost the Rams’ fortunes. Knox's run-oriented offense brought about the end of offensive coordinator Ernie Zampese’s tenure in 1993. General manager John Shaw was perceived by some to continually squander NFL Draft picks on sub-standard talent. The offensive scheme was not only unspectacular to watch, but dull by 1990s standards, further alienating fans. One bright spot for the offense during this time would be running back Jerome Bettis, a bruising running back from Notre Dame. Bettis flourished in Knox’s offense, running for 1,429 yards as a rookie and 1,025 in his sophomore effort.
As early as the close of the 1992 season, Georgia Frontiere announced she wanted to break the Rams’ lease of Anaheim Stadium.[7] After the 1993 season, Frontiere attempted to move the Rams to Baltimore,[8] but her fellow owners turned that proposal down. Frontiere then sought to relocate the team to St. Louis. This move was initially voted down as well, with 21 opposed, 3 in favor (the Rams, Cincinnati Bengals and Tampa Bay Buccaneers), and 6 abstaining.[9][10] The other owners (led by Buffalo's Ralph Wilson, the Jets’ Leon Hess, the Giants’ Wellington Mara, Washington's Jack Kent Cooke, Arizona's Bill Bidwill and Minnesota's John Skoglund) believed that the Rams’ financial problems were caused by the Frontieres’ mismanagement.[11] When Frontiere threatened to sue the league, commissioner Paul Tagliabue acquiesced to Frontiere's demands. As part of the relocation deal, the city of St. Louis agreed to build a taxpayer-financed stadium, the Trans World Dome, and guaranteed that the stadium's amenities would be maintained in the top 25% of all NFL stadiums. Frontiere waived the clause after a 10-year threshold period passed, as the city implemented a later plan to improve the stadium.[12]
The move left many in the Los Angeles area, and many of those indifferent to the whole situation, embittered toward the NFL. That sentiment was best expressed by actor and ex-Ram Fred Dryer, who at the time said “I hate these people [the organization and its owner] for what they did, taking the Rams logo with them when they moved to St. Louis. That logo belonged to Southern California.” Steve Rosenbloom, general manager of the team during his father's tenure as owner, opined that teams come and go, but for a team to leave Los Angeles — the second largest media market in America — for St. Louis (approximately the 18th-largest) was simply irresponsible and foolish, in spite of the notoriously fickle support of Los Angeles fans. With the Raiders moving from L.A. back to Oakland only a few months later, the NFL would have no franchise in Los Angeles for two decades, although the Coliseum was used for professional football in 2001 by the Los Angeles Xtreme of the now-defunct XFL.
First years (1995 to 1998)
While the Rams dealt with stadium concerns in Los Angeles, efforts were under way to regain an NFL franchise in St. Louis to play in a new domed stadium slated to open in 1995. First, Anheuser-Busch scion Jim Orthwein tried, and ultimately failed, to move the New England Patriots to St. Louis. Then, despite being heavily favored along with Charlotte to win an expansion team, St. Louis lost to a group from Jacksonville, Florida. So certain, in fact, did it appear that St. Louis would gain an expansion franchise, that the team had a name selected – the Stallions – and T-shirts with the team's logo were made very briefly available for sale at a number of St. Louis area sports shops.
Just before moving to St. Louis, the Rams fired Knox and hired Rich Brooks, longtime successful football coach at the University of Oregon, to replace him. The team played its first several games in St. Louis at Busch Stadium (the home of the NFL's St. Louis Cardinals from 1966 until 1987) as work finished on their new home, the Trans World Dome. Brooks jettisoned Knox's run-oriented scheme in favor of a powerful air attack. Bettis all but disappeared from the offense, rushing for only 637 yards. Despite this, the Rams started off well, getting off to a 5–1 start. However, a 44–10 thumping by the 49ers in the last game at Busch Stadium sent the team into a downward spiral, and they ultimately finished 7–9 — still the franchise's closest to “contention” since 1989. Perhaps the most memorable aspect was that veteran offensive lineman and future Hall of Famer Jackie Slater played his 20th and final season with the team in its new St. Louis location.
Vermeil era
The next three seasons would largely be a repeat of the Rams’ last five seasons in Los Angeles. The team drafted highly touted Nebraska running back Lawrence Phillips with the sixth overall pick in the 1996 NFL Draft, making Bettis expendable. Bettis would be traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers in exchange for draft picks, a move now seen as one of the most lopsided trades in professional sports history, strongly favoring the Steelers.[13] After regressing to 6–10 in 1996, Brooks was replaced by Dick Vermeil. Vermeil had enjoyed success as the head coach of UCLA (where he won a Rose Bowl) and the Philadelphia Eagles, whom he had led to Super Bowl XV. However, Vermeil left the Eagles after an unsuccessful 1982 season, claiming burnout, and proceeded to spend much of the next decade and a half as a college football commentator for ABC Sports.
Vermeil's first two seasons as Rams coach were as unsuccessful as many of the preceding seasons. Phillips was cut from the team mid-season in 1997, cementing his status as a draft bust.
The Rams’ struggles continued in 1998. At the close of that season the franchise had suffered a nine-season streak in which the team compiled a dismal record of 45–99, the worst in the NFL for the period and rivalled only by the Cincinnati Bengals who went 49–97 over the same span.
1999 to 2001: The Greatest Show on Turf
1999: Second Super Bowl appearance and Super Bowl champions
Finally in 1999, there appeared to be reason for hope as the Rams obtained quarterback Trent Green and running back Marshall Faulk in two separate trades. However, in the preseason Green would blow out his anterior cruciate ligament and miss the entire season. A tearful Vermeil (who cried in front of the St. Louis media every day as coach of the team) vowed that the Rams would “play good football” behind Green's backup, a 28-year-old former Arena Football League Iowa Barnstormers and NFL Europe Amsterdam Admirals player named Kurt Warner. However, most observers believed Green's injury set up the Rams for another long season of failure. Indeed, ESPN Magazine had predicted that the Rams would finish with the worst record in the league (even below that of the expansion Cleveland Browns).
Warner's unexpected success was perhaps the biggest story of the 1999 NFL season. He proved to be the catalyst that would spark an explosive offense nicknamed “The Greatest Show on Turf”, capturing the NFL MVP award at season's end. The 1999 NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award would go to Faulk.
The 1999 St. Louis Rams were also noted for a colorful celebration conducted by their offensive players in the end zone after scoring a touchdown. The celebration, which involved a group of players standing in a circle and swaying their arms as a football spun like a top in the center of the circle, was known as the “Bob 'N Weave.” This type of “premeditated and prolonged” display was shortly thereafter subject to “excessive celebration” penalties installed by the league.
After finishing the 1999 season 13–3 (the franchise's second-best regular season record), the Rams started out the playoffs by defeating the Minnesota Vikings 49–37 to achieve their first NFC championship game since 1989. The opponent would be the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, who proved successful in shutting down the Rams’ vaunted offense. Still, the Rams managed to win the game 11–6, with the one touchdown coming on Warner's 30-yard touchdown pass to Ricky Proehl, who made an amazing one-handed catch. Proehl, a 10-year NFL veteran who was in the playoffs for the first time in his NFL career, said after the game “There are a lot of people who say there are 500 Ricky Proehls out there. I beg to differ.”
The Rams’ opponent in Super Bowl XXXIV would be the Tennessee Titans, who, like the Rams, had recently relocated from a major metropolis (Houston, Texas) to a mid-sized city (Nashville, Tennessee). In a game that many consider the best Super Bowl ever, Tennessee played the Rams tough throughout, achieving a 16–16 tie with 2:12 left on an Al Del Greco field goal. On the next drive, Warner, who had been a clutch performer all season long, came through once again, connecting with Isaac Bruce for a 73-yard touchdown pass on the first play of the drive to give the Rams a 23–16 lead with 1:53 to play.
Tennessee then mounted a desperate, last-minute drive, reaching the St. Louis 10-yard line with six seconds left and no timeouts. Titans quarterback Steve McNair threw to Kevin Dyson on a slant. Dyson caught the pass at the 3-yard line but was stopped in a play known as “The Tackle”; Rams linebacker Mike Jones brought Dyson down just 18 inches shy of the goal line, ending the game and giving the Rams and coach Dick Vermeil their first Super Bowl victory. Warner was named Super Bowl MVP. Following the Rams’ Super Bowl victory, Vermeil retired from football (though he came back in 2001 as head coach of the Kansas City Chiefs) and was replaced by offensive coordinator (and apprentice) Mike Martz.
2000: Wild card loss
In Mike Martz’ first year as Rams head coach, the defending-champion Rams started the season by winning their first six games as they went 7–1 in the first half of the season. However, their season started getting ugly. They went 3–5 during the last half of the season, including a three-game skid. They still managed to get into the playoffs with a 10–6 record and the NFC's #6 seed, but had to face the NFC West champion New Orleans Saints, the #3 seed, in the Wild Card round. Playing at the Louisiana Superdome, the Rams’ 24th-ranked defense yielded New Orleans a 31–7 lead, but the Rams valiantly fought back, scoring three straight touchdowns. However, the comeback fell short as the Saints triumphed 31–28, the first playoff win in New Orleans franchise history.
2001: Third Super Bowl appearance
In 2001, the “Max Q” Rams went 14–2 (including a spectacular 8–0 on the road), led not only by a sensational offense (their third straight year of scoring 500 or more points), but a good defense as well, coached by Lovie Smith and led by Adam Archuleta. After easily handling Green Bay in the divisional playoffs, the Rams fought off a pesky Philadelphia Eagles team 29–24 to reach their second Super Bowl in three seasons. Their opponents in Super Bowl XXXVI would be the New England Patriots who, much as the Rams had had two years previous, had enjoyed a Cinderella playoff run, highlighted by a dramatic and controversial 16–13 divisional playoff win against the Oakland Raiders.
The talent-laden Rams appeared to be primed to become the first professional football dynasty of the 21st century. However, despite being a 14-point favorite, the Rams were dominated by the Patriots for most of the game. The Patriots chipped the Rams wideouts and running backs, disrupting their precision passing patterns. They also beat up Kurt Warner, forcing him into uncharacteristic mistakes, including a 47-yard touchdown interception return by Ty Law.
In the fourth quarter, the Rams mounted a comeback attempt. Two plays after an apparent game-clinching 95-yard fumble return by the Patriots was reversed on a penalty, Kurt Warner scored on a two-yard keeper to bring the Rams to within seven points, 17–10. After holding the Patriots on the next drive, the Rams were in much the same situation as they had been against Tennessee. Warner came through once again, quickly leading the Rams on a dramatic drive culminating in a 26-yard touchdown pass to Ricky Proehl. The extra point by Jeff Wilkins tied the game at 17 with 90 seconds left.
With the Patriots holding no timeouts and the Rams having seized the momentum, overtime seemed assured. Fox Sports commentator John Madden opined that the Patriots should run out the clock to end regulation time. Nevertheless, quarterback Tom Brady led the Patriots down the field, completing all but one pass (an intentional spike to stop the clock) before Adam Vinatieri’s last-second 48-yard field goal defeated the Rams 20–17.
Super Bowl XXXVI later became part of the wider 2007 National Football League videotaping controversy, also known as “Spygate". The Boston Herald reported, citing an unnamed source, that the Patriots had taped the Rams’ walkthrough practice prior to the game.[14] After further investigation, the league determined that no tape of the Rams’ Super Bowl walkthrough was made,[15] and the Herald later issued an apology in 2008 for the article.[16]
2002 to 2014: Struggles
In 2002, the Rams had a very disappointing 7–9 final record (after starting out 0–5). The silver lining was the emergence of young quarterback Marc Bulger, from West Virginia University, who, after Kurt Warner was injured, won every game in which he both started and finished. Though not as intriguing a story as Warner's emergence in 1999 (the season in which Trent Green was injured and Warner became the star quarterback), Bulger's emergence was a highlight of the Rams’ 2002 NFL season, demonstrating Martz's knack for developing lightly regarded or overlooked players into top-quality, productive quarterbacks. Also, the Rams gained two new divisional rivals in the NFC West thanks to a league-wide realignment that created eight new divisions of four teams each. One of these new rivals, the Arizona Cardinals, played in St. Louis from 1960 until the end of the 1987 season, and the other, the Seattle Seahawks, returned to the NFC for the first time since their inaugural 1976 season.
In 2003, Warner lost the starting job to Bulger after suffering six fumbles in the season opener against the New York Giants. Warner was released by the Rams in June 2004 and quickly signed a free agent contract with the Giants, effectively ending the “Greatest Show on Turf” era.
The 2003 season saw the Rams go 12–4, winning the NFC West again. However, the Rams lost a crushing divisional-round defeat to the Carolina Panthers (29–23 in double overtime), who went on to become NFC champions.
During the 2004 NFL Draft, the Rams used their first pick (24th overall) to select running back Steven Jackson from Oregon State.
The Rams began their 10th year in St. Louis at home, winning their home opener over the Arizona Cardinals 17–10. They then lost the next two games: to the eventual NFC South champion Atlanta Falcons 34–17, and to the New Orleans Saints at home 28–25 in overtime. The Rams got to 2–2 on the season with a 24–14 road victory over the San Francisco 49ers. In Week 5, they defeated the Seattle Seahawks 33–27 on the road, as Bulger connected with Shaun McDonald for the 52-yard winning score in overtime. Next came a home win over Tampa Bay, 28–21 before a road loss to the hapless Miami Dolphins, 31–14. Following a Week 8 bye, the Rams lost to the defending champion Patriots at home 40–22. The Rams then downed the Seahawks 23–12 but then lost their next games on the road, losing to the Buffalo Bills 37–17 and to the eventual NFC North champion Green Bay Packers 45–17. The team rebounded with a 16–6 home win over the 49ers, but their playoff hopes continued to shrink with two more road losses, falling to the Carolina Panthers 20–7 and to the Cardinals 31–7. At 6–8, the Rams rallied for home wins against the Philadelphia Eagles (20–7) and the New York Jets (32–29 in overtime), snatching the NFC's #5 seed despite finishing with an 8–8 record.
For the Wild Card round, the Rams faced the Seahawks for the third time. The visiting Rams took the lead on a 17-yard Bulger touchdown pass to Cam Cleeland with just 2:11 left in regulation time and then held off the Seahawks on 4th and goal to earn a 27–20 victory. The Rams made NFL history by becoming the first team to go .500 (8–8) in the regular season and then win a playoff game. However, St. Louis was thrashed in the divisional round by the Atlanta Falcons 47–17.
2005 to 2015: Playoff drought
During the 2005 NFL Draft, the Rams used their first pick on OT Alex Barron from Florida State. They lost on the road in Week 1 to the 49ers, 28–25, but rebounded with a 17–12 road win over Arizona and former Rams quarterback Kurt Warner. The Rams won their Week 3 home opener against the Titans 31–27 before dropping three straight games. In Week 5, Martz was diagnosed with an infection in his heart, and Joe Vitt was named interim head coach. In Vitt's first game at the helm, Bulger sprained an AC joint in a loss to Indianapolis. Replacement quarterback Jamie Martin then led the team to home victories against the Saints (28–17) and Jaguars (24–21). After a Week 9 bye, Bulger returned but the Rams fell in Seattle 31–16. The Rams next lost a rematch to the Cardinals, with Bulger suffering another shoulder injury. Against Houston, Martin was knocked out of the game with a concussion, giving rookie Ryan Fitzpatrick his first playing time in the NFL. The Rams won 33–27 in overtime on a 56-yard touchdown strike from Fitzpatrick to receiver Kevin Curtis. However, they lost their next four games. Martin and the Rams managed to end their disastrous season on a positive note, beating Dallas on the road in ESPN’s final Sunday night game. Martz was fired at season’s end.
Despite having a talent-laden roster, the Rams’ front-office dysfunction had traveled from California to Missouri. With team president John Shaw remaining in Los Angeles after the relocation, president of football operations Jay Zygmunt clashed with head coach Martz, including an incident in which Zygmunt prevented the ill Martz from phoning in a play to his offensive coordinator. Poor draft choices and mediocre records began to pile up for the once-budding dynasty as the post-Martz era found the Rams in chaos. Hoping to regain control within the franchise, the Rams hired former Dolphins offensive coordinator Scott Linehan as head coach on January 19, 2006.[17] On January 24, Jim Haslett, the former head coach of the Saints, signed a three-year deal as defensive coordinator.[18][19]
Following the 2007 season, Georgia Frontiere died on January 18, 2008 after having owned the team for 28 years.[20] Ownership of the team passed to her son Dale “Chip” Rosenbloom and daughter Lucia Rodriguez.[21] Rosenbloom was named the new Rams majority owner.[22] Linehan was fired on September 29, 2008, after the team started the 0–4, and Haslett took over as interim head coach for the rest of the season. In late December, Shaw and Zygmunt both resigned and Billy Devaney was promoted to general manager.[23]
Steve Spagnuolo was named head coach in January 2009. Spagnuolo had masterminded the Giants’ defensive scheme that shut down the previously undefeated New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII. As the 2009 season began, conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh put in an offer to buy the Rams, but his controversial televised comments about Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb in 2003 led the league to force Limbaugh to drop his plans. In spite of his success with the Giants, Spagnuolo's first season as Rams head coach was terribly disappointing as the team went 1–15, beginning with a shutout at the hands of the Seahawks. The team's lone victory came in Week 8 over the 2–14 Detroit Lions. However, Spagnuolo was not fired after his poor first season. From 2007 to 2009, the Rams lost 42 of 48 games.
2010: Stan Kroenke takes over
On May 31, 2009, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported that majority owners Rosenbloom and Rodriguez officially offered their majority share of Rams for sale. They retained the services of Goldman Sachs, a prominent investment banking firm, to help facilitate the sale of the Rams by evaluating bids and soliciting potential buyers.[24] The sale price was unknown, but at the time Forbes estimated the team's value at $929 million.[25] On the final day to do so, then-minority owner Stan Kroenke invoked his right of first refusal to buy the 60% of the team that he did not already own. The original intended buyer, Shahid Khan, would later acquire the Jaguars after the 2011 season. Pursuant to NFL rules, owners are prohibited from owning other sports teams in the same market. At the time of purchase, Kroenke, a real estate and sports mogul married to a Walmart heir (d/b/a Kroenke Sports Enterprises), owned the Denver Nuggets, the Colorado Avalanche, the Colorado Rapids, the Pepsi Center (home to the Nuggets and Avalanche) and Altitude Sports and Entertainment.[26] These interests violated the NFL's cross-ownership rule. Nevertheless, on August 25, 2010, NFL owners unanimously approved Kroenke as the owner of the franchise contingent upon his eventual divestment of his Colorado sports interests. Kroenke complied with the rule when he transferred ownership of the Nuggets, the Avalanche, the Pepsi Center and the Altitude to his son Josh.
2010–14: Sam Bradford & Jeff Fisher
For having the NFL's worst record at 1–15 in 2009, the Rams earned the #1 overall pick in the 2010 NFL Draft and used it to acquire University of Oklahoma quarterback Sam Bradford.
Bradford was the main focus of the 2010 offseason. In order to make room for the new QB, Keith Null and several other unproductive players were cut from the roster. The Rams lost their season opener against the Cardinals with Bradford throwing three interceptions, including one on the last play of the game. They recorded their first win by beating Washington and ending a 14-game home-losing streak in Week 3. In Week 4, the Rams ended a 10-game losing streak against Seattle, 20–3. After being trounced 44–6 by Detroit, they returned home in Week 6 to beat San Diego 20–17. Bradford continued to show promise through the season despite struggling from his inexperience. Despite a 7–8 record, the Rams had a chance to win the NFC West when they traveled to 6–9 Seattle for a prime-time matchup. However, the Seahawks won the game and the division, 16–6. Bradford went on to win the 2010 Offensive Rookie of the Year award.
The 2011 season started disastrously, with the Rams opening 0–6, finally winning an improbable victory over the Saints in Week 8. The team finished 2–14, with their only other win being a Week 10 victory over Cleveland. Bradford missed half the season with an ankle injury, and the Rams’ offense was rated the worst in the league.
At the conclusion of a poor 2011, Spagnulo and nearly all of the coaching staff were fired except offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels, who was asked by the New England Patriots to return during the playoffs (he had been an assistant coach there prior to his disastrous stint as Denver Broncos head coach in 2009). The Rams then hired head coach Jeff Fisher, who had led the Tennessee Titans in their Super Bowl XXXIV loss to the Rams 12 years earlier. Fisher would then influence the hiring of new GM Les Snead and an all-new coaching staff including offensive coordinator Brian Schottenheimer and defensive coordinator Gregg Williams. Williams was eventually suspended for the entire 2012 season for his part in the Saints bounty scandal.
Despite the 2011 fiasco, the Rams continued with their plans to rebuild the team around Bradford and convinced the Redskins to give up two first-round draft picks and one second-round draft pick in exchange for the Rams’ #2 overall pick. This moved the Rams down to the #6 pick in the 2012 NFL Draft, which they in turn traded to Dallas, but were left with an abundance of others for future use. Following the draft, they signed undrafted Oregon State punter Johnny Hekker, who would become a Pro Bowl-caliber player.
The Rams started 2012 with low hopes, but the draft trade with Washington confirmed Bradford would be their quarterback of the future. The team then surprised some by starting off 3–2, their first winning record since 2006. They then lost three straight, but rebounded with a solid 4–4–1 finish, including a 24–24 road tie with eventual NFC champion San Francisco, to finish 7–8–1, a five-game improvement over 2011 and an impressive 4–1–1 record in the very competitive NFC West.
In 2013, the Rams finished with a 7–9 record. In the 2014 season, their 20th in St. Louis, the team would again miss the playoffs with a 6–10 record. Bradford missed the entire 2014 season with an injury, allowing Shaun Hill and Austin Davis opportunities at quarterback.
2015: Nick Foles and the final season in St. Louis
On March 10, 2015, the Rams were involved in a rare trade of starting quarterbacks as they traded Bradford along with a fifth-round pick in 2015 to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for the Eagles' Nick Foles along with a fourth-round pick in 2015 and a second round pick in 2016. Foles had a 14–4 record as starter and an impressive TD–INT ratio of 46–17, while Bradford had an 18–30–1 record. On the day of the 2015 draft the Rams traded Zac Stacy, the Rams’ 2013 rushing leader, for a 7th round pick to the Jets.
The Rams opened their 2015 season at home against Seattle. In Foles’ Rams debut, he threw for 297 yards and a touchdown. Following the dramatic win, Foles struggled against his former divisional rival, the Redskins as the Rams lost 24–10. Foles' accuracy improved the following week but he threw no touchdowns and his first interception as a Ram against the Steelers, dropping the team to 1–2. Following the two losses Foles bounced back, handing the unbeaten Cardinals their first loss of the season. After that game, Foles’ problems with turnovers from 2014 started to show, as he completed 11 passes out of 30 for 141 yards, 1 touchdown, and a career-high 4 interceptions against the Green Bay Packers. On November 16, Foles was benched in favor of Case Keenum, who would start the remainder of the season.
Todd Gurley’s arrival and the beginning of Jared Goff
Leading the team through their turbulence was rookie RB Todd Gurley. Gurley was drafted 10th overall in the 2015 NFL Draft.[27] Gurley, who tore his ACL in November 2014, saw his rehabilitation go ahead of schedule and during the team's preseason, while he did not play, he practiced without pads on. Soon after, Gurley was medically cleared for full contact by St. Louis team physicians. On Sept 27, 2015, he made his NFL debut against the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was eased into action and finished the game with 6 rushes for 9 yards. The following week, the Rams visited undefeated Arizona for an NFC west divisional matchup. Again Gurley started slow with just 2 yards at halftime, but rushed for 144 yards in the second half as the Rams edged the Cardinals 24–22. The next three games against the Packers, Browns, and 49ers would see Gurley rush for at least 128 rushing yards per game. He scored his first NFL touchdown on Oct 25th, 2015 against the Cleveland Browns. With 566 yards in his first four NFL starts, Gurley became the most prolific rusher in his first four NFL games since the AFL–NFL merger.[28] In Week 15, Gurley became the third rookie in Rams history to rush for 1,000 yards in a season after Jerome Bettis and Eric Dickerson in the Rams 31–23 victory over the Buccaneers. and in their 23–17 victory over the Seattle Seahawks and becoming the second Rams rookie to rush for 1,000 yards and 10 touchdowns since Eric Dickerson in 1983.
The Rams played their final home game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, on December 17, 2015. While the Edward Jones Dome was not at sell out capacity, a sizeable group of Rams fans attended the game, holding signs that read “Keep the Rams in St. Louis.” Enthusiastic chants of “Keep the Rams” and “Kroenke Sucks” were heard during and after the game. Despite offensive production from Tampa Bay, the Rams still managed a 31–23 victory with Case Keenum throwing for 234 yards and 2 touchdowns, Todd Gurley rushing 48 yards, Tavon Austin rushing 32 yards and a touchdown, Kenny Britt receiving for 71 yards and 1 touchdown, and Jared Cook receiving for 64 yards. The Rams offense dominated this game as well the defense also put pressure on the Buccaneers quarterback Jameis Winston.
On December 22, 2015, Todd Gurley along with fellow Rams players Aaron Donald and Johnny Hekker were selected to be part of the 2016 Pro Bowl. Gurley was one of three rookies to be selected to the Pro Bowl, along with Chiefs cornerback Marcus Peters and Seahawks wide receiver and kick returner Tyler Lockett. The Rams concluded their season with two road games in the West, winning 23–17 against the Seahawks and losing 19–16 in overtime against the 49ers. Overall, the team finished their final season in St. Louis with a 7–9 record.
Stadium problems; return relocation to Los Angeles
| This article is part of series of |
| Rams NFL franchise history |
|---|
| Cleveland Rams (1936–1945) |
| Los Angeles Rams (1946–1994) |
| St. Louis Rams (1995–2015) |
| Los Angeles Rams (2016–present) |
| List of seasons |
Stadium issues in St. Louis
The Rams and the St. Louis CVC began negotiating a deal to get the Rams’ home stadium, the Edward Jones Dome, into the top 25 percent of stadiums in the league (i.e., top eight of 32 NFL teams, in reference to luxury boxes, amenities and overall fan experience). Under the terms of the lease agreement, the St. Louis CVC was required to make modifications to the Edward Jones Dome in 2005. However, then-owner Georgia Frontiere waived this provision, in exchange for cash that served as a penalty for the city's noncompliance. The City of St. Louis, in subsequent years, did make changes to the scoreboard and increased the natural lighting by replacing panels with windows, although the overall feel remained dark. The minor renovations which totaled about $70 million did not bring the stadium within the specifications required under the lease agreement, thus keeping the Dome in a state of uncertainty. On February 1, 2013, a three-panel arbitrator selected to preside over the arbitration process found that the Edward Jones Dome was not in the top 25 percent of all NFL venues, as required under the terms of the lease agreement between the Rams and the CVC. The arbitrator further found that the estimated $700 million in proposed renovations by the Rams was not unreasonable, given the terms of the lease agreement. Finally, the City of St. Louis was ordered to pay the Rams’ attorney fees which totaled a reported $2 million.
Publicly, no interest was expressed by city, county and state officials in providing further funding to the Edward Jones Dome, in light of those entities (and taxpayers) continuing to owe approximately $300 million on the facility. A resolution was not reached by the end of the 2014 NFL season; therefore, with the City of St. Louis remaining in non-compliance with its obligations under the lease agreement, the Rams were free to nullify the lease and change to a year-to-year lease. Months later, the Rams scheduled a game to be played in London, violating the Edward Jones Dome's terms of lease.
National Car Rental Field proposal
In an effort to try to keep the team in St. Louis, a multipurpose stadium, National Car Rental Field, was proposed in 2015, estimated to cost $1.1 billion. The initial proposal called for the stadium to be paid for by a combination of $250 million from Rams, a $200 million loan from the NFL, $130 million from personal seat license sales, $55 million in tax credits and other public incentives, $350 million from extending the state bonds originally issued for the construction of the Edward Jones Dome.[29]
On January 9, 2016, the NFL distributed a report to team owners calling the St. Louis stadium plan "unsatisfactory and inadequate" to keep the Rams in St. Louis.[30]
City of Champions Revitilization Initiative; Los Angeles Entertainment Center
On January 31, 2014, both the Los Angeles Times and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported that Rams owner Stan Kroenke purchased approximately 60 acres of land adjacent to the Forum in Inglewood, California for a purchase price rumored to be between $90 million and $100 million. Commissioner Roger Goodell represented that Mr. Kroenke informed the league of the purchase. As an NFL owner, any purchase of land in which a potential stadium could be built must be disclosed to the league. Kroenke subsequently announced plans to build an NFL stadium on the site, in connection with the owners of the adjacent 238-acre Hollywood Park site, Stockbridge Capital Group.[31] This development further fueled rumors that the Rams intended to return its management and football operations to Southern California. The land had been originally intended for a Walmart Supercenter, but Walmart could not get the necessary permits to build it. Kroenke is married to Ann Walton Kroenke, who is a member of the Walton family, and many of Kroenke's real estate deals have involved Walmart properties.
On January 5, 2015, the Los Angeles Times reported that Stan Kroenke and Stockbridge Capital Group were partnering up to develop a new NFL stadium on the Inglewood property owned by Kroenke. The project includes a stadium of 80,000 seats, and a performance venue of 6,000 seats, while reconfiguring the previously approved Hollywood Park plan for up to 890,000 square feet of retail, 780,000 square feet of office space, 2,500 new residential units, a 300-room hotel and 25 acres of public parks, playgrounds, open space and pedestrian and bicycle access. The stadium was projected to be ready by 2018.[31] In lieu of this, St. Louis countered with a stadium plan for the north riverfront area of downtown, with the hope of keeping the Rams in the city.
On February 24, 2015, the Inglewood City Council approved the stadium plan and the initiative, and construction began on the new stadium on December 21, 2015 on the former Hollywood Park site.[32][33][34]
Filing for relocation; Houston meetings
On January 4, 2016, the St. Louis Rams filed for relocation to move to the Los Angeles area for the 2016 NFL season. They were among three teams (the others being the Oakland Raiders and San Diego Chargers) that had filed for relocation to Los Angeles. All three franchises had previously played in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Weeks later, the NFL owners gathered in Houston for a meeting on January 12 to decide which teams, if any, would win relocation rights to Los Angeles. A few days before the scheduled owners meeting, Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones suggested that the Rams and Chargers share Stan Kroenke's Los Angeles Entertainment Center. This suggestion was taken as a possible option discussed in the Houston meetings. During the Los Angeles meeting, the Committee on Los Angeles Opportunities, which consists of six NFL owners, favored the Carson project over the Rams’ Inglewood project. However, in the first round of voting, the Inglewood proposal got the greater number of votes (21) while the Carson project received far fewer (11). This, however, did not meet the required threshold of 24 votes. In the second round of voting, the Inglewood proposal got 20 votes while the Carson proposal got 12. After hours of trying to reach a compromise, the Rams succeeded and announced their relocation to Los Angeles, effectively ending the team's 21-year tenure in St. Louis. The Chargers organization was given the first option to join the Rams after a year (if they failed to reach a new stadium deal with the city of San Diego); the Chargers exercised this option on January 12, 2017, making Los Angeles home to two NFL franchises again. (Had the Chargers declined to exercise this option, then the Raiders would have had this option).[35][36]
Season Results
Key
- The Finish, Wins, Losses, and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play. Regular and postseason records are combined only at the bottom of the list.
| NFL Champions (1920–1969) | Super Bowl Champions (1970–present) | Conference Champions | Division Champions | Wild Card Berth | One-Game Playoff Berth |
Seasons
| Season | Team | League | Conference | Division | Regular season | Postseason results | Awards | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Finish | Wins | Losses | Ties | ||||||||
| St. Louis Rams[note 1] | |||||||||||
| 1995 | 1995 | NFL | NFC | West | 3rd | 7 | 9 | 0 | |||
| 1996 | 1996 | NFL | NFC | West | 3rd | 6 | 10 | 0 | |||
| 1997 | 1997 | NFL | NFC | West | 5th | 5 | 11 | 0 | |||
| 1998 | 1998 | NFL | NFC | West | 5th | 4 | 12 | 0 | |||
| 1999 | 1999 | NFL | NFC | West | 1st | 13 | 3 | 0 | Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 49–37 Won Conference Championship (Buccaneers) 11–6 Won Super Bowl XXXIV[note 2] (3) (vs. Titans) 23–16 |
Dick Vermeil (COY) Kurt Warner (MVP)/(SB MVP) Marshall Faulk (OPOY) | |
| 2000 | 2000 | NFL | NFC | West | 2nd | 10 | 6 | 0 | Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Saints) 28–31 | Marshall Faulk (MVP)/(OPOY) | |
| 2001 | 2001 | NFL | NFC | West | 1st | 14 | 2 | 0 | Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 45–17 Won Conference Championship (Eagles) 29–24 Lost Super Bowl XXXVI (vs. Patriots) 17–20 |
Kurt Warner (MVP) Marshall Faulk (OPOY) | |
| 2002 | 2002 | NFL | NFC | West | 2nd | 7 | 9 | 0 | |||
| 2003 | 2003 | NFL | NFC | West | 1st | 12 | 4 | 0 | Lost Divisional Playoffs (Panthers) 23–29 (2OT) | ||
| 2004 | 2004 | NFL | NFC | West | 2nd | 8 | 8 | 0 | Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Seahawks) 27–20 Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Falcons) 17–47 |
||
| 2005 | 2005 | NFL | NFC | West | 2nd | 6 | 10 | 0 | |||
| 2006 | 2006 | NFL | NFC | West | 2nd | 8 | 8 | 0 | |||
| 2007 | 2007 | NFL | NFC | West | 4th | 3 | 13 | 0 | |||
| 2008 | 2008 | NFL | NFC | West | 4th | 2 | 14 | 0 | |||
| 2009 | 2009 | NFL | NFC | West | 4th | 1 | 15 | 0 | |||
| 2010 | 2010 | NFL | NFC | West | 2nd | 7 | 9 | 0 | Sam Bradford (OROY) | ||
| 2011 | 2011 | NFL | NFC | West | 4th | 2 | 14 | 0 | |||
| 2012 | 2012 | NFL | NFC | West | 3rd | 7 | 8 | 1 | |||
| 2013 | 2013 | NFL | NFC | West | 4th | 7 | 9 | 0 | |||
| 2014 | 2014 | NFL | NFC | West | 4th | 6 | 10 | 0 | Aaron Donald (DROY) | ||
| 2015 | 2015 | NFL | NFC | West | 3rd | 7 | 9 | 0 | Todd Gurley (OROY) | ||
| Total 3 Division Titles 2 Conference Titles Super Bowl XXXIV win |
142 | 193 | 1 | (regular season)[note 3] | |||||||
| 6 | 4 | 0 | (playoffs) | ||||||||
| 148 | 197 | 1 | (regular season and playoffs)[note 3] | ||||||||
- The St. Louis Rams played a total of 336 Regular Season Games and 10 Playoff Games (346 Games)
Notable players
Retired numbers
Numbers of players who played in St. Louis that have been retired by the Rams:
| St. Louis Rams retired numbers | ||||
| No. | Player | Position | Tenure | Retired |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28 | Marshall Faulk | RB | 1999–2005 | December 21, 2007 |
| 78 | Jackie Slater | OT | 1995 | 1996 |
| 80 | Isaac Bruce | WR | 1995–2007 | October 31, 2010 |
Pro Football Hall of Famers
| St. Louis Rams Hall of Famers | ||||
| No. | Player | Class | Position(s) | Tenure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 78 | Jackie Slater | 2001 | OT | 1995 |
| 36 | Jerome Bettis | 2015 | RB | 1995 |
| 35 | Aeneas Williams | 2014 | FS | 2001-2004 |
| 28 | Marshall Faulk | 2011 | RB | 1999–2006 |
| 76 | Orlando Pace | 2016 | OT | 1997–2008 |
| 13 | Kurt Warner | 2017 | QB | 1998-2003 |
| 80 | Isaac Bruce | 2020 | WR | 1995-2007 |
Pro Bowl selections
| St. Louis Rams Pro Bowl selections | |||
| No. | Player | Position | Years |
|---|---|---|---|
| 76 | Orlando Pace | OT | 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 |
| 81, 88 | Torry Holt | WR | 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 |
| 80 | Isaac Bruce | WR | 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001 |
| 28 | Marshall Faulk | RB | 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 |
| 13 | Kurt Warner | QB | 1999, 2000, 2001 |
| 39 | Steven Jackson | RB | 2006, 2009, 2010 |
| 35 | Aeneas Williams | DB | 2001, 2003 |
| 10 | Marc Bulger | QB | 2003, 2006 |
| 94 | Robert Quinn | DE | 2013, 2014 |
| 6 | Johnny Hekker | P | 2013, 2015 |
| 99 | Aaron Donald | DT | 2014, 2015 |
| 30 | Todd Gurley | RB | 2015 |
| 93 | Kevin Carter | DE | 1999 |
| 41 | Todd Lyght | CB | 1999 |
| 62 | Adam Timmerman | OG | 2001 |
| 91 | Leonard Little | DE | 2003 |
| 14 | Jeff Wilkins | K | 2003 |
See also
Notes
- The team had new logo featuring the Gateway Arch National Park, which was known as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial at the time, for this season to honor the move to St. Louis
- This game featured The Tackle.
- 1995-2015
External links
- stlouisrams.com (2013 archive)
References
- Kiley, Mike; ‘New Stadium at Issue in St. Louis, Too’; Chicago Tribune, June 22, 1987, p. 7
- Asher, Mark; ‘Cardinals Owner Seen Leaning to Baltimore’; Washington Post, November 24, 1987, p. E01
- Litsky, Frank; ‘Cardinals Struggle Before Empty Seats’; New York Times; December 10, 1987, p. D1
- ‘Football Cardinals Settle on Phoenix’; New York Times, January 16, 1988, p. 47
- Riess, Steven A.; Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Encyclopedia, p. 754 ISBN 1317459474
- Stellino, Vito; ‘Rams’ shopping bag is filled with NFL frustration’; Baltimore Sun, November 25, 1993, p. 1D
- Shaffer, Gina; ‘Pasadena, Los Angeles looking into bids for Rams: The field of potential rivals for the team widens after Rams officials announce their intention to break their lease’; Orange County Register, January 11, 1933, p. B08
- ‘Frontiere Might Move Rams to Baltimore’; Austin American-Statesman, December 25, 1993, p. E3
- George, Thomas (March 16, 1995). "PRO FOOTBALL; N.F.L. Owners Reject Rams' Bid to Move To St. Louis". The New York Times.
- Simers, T.J.; Plaschke, Bill (March 16, 1995). "League Owners Reject Rams' Move to St. Louis". Los Angeles Times.
- Hamelin, Joe; ‘Rams off to St. Louis after all’; The Press-Enterprise [Riverside, California]; April 13, 1995, p. 1
- T.J. Simers (April 13, 1995). "NFL Owners OK Rams' Move to St. Louis". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
- "Top 15 trades in NFL history". NFL.com. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
- Tomase, John (2008-02-02). "Source: Pats Employee Filmed Rams". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
- Reiss, Mike (2008-05-13). "Goodell: Walsh says Pats didn't have Super Bowl walk-through tape". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
- "Apology". Boston Herald. 2008-05-14. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
- Pasquarelli, Len (Jan. 19, 2006). Rams to hire Miami coordinator Linehan as coach. ESPN.com. Retrieved 13 September 2006
- Wagoner, Nick (Jan. 23, 2006). Linehan led the Rams to a 3–13 record the following year.Haslett Hired as Defensive Coordinator, Olson Offensive Coordinator Archived 2006-06-21 at the Wayback Machine. The Official Website of the St. Louis Rams. Retrieved 13 September 2006
- Clayton, John (Jan 24, 2006). Haslett signs on as Rams defensive coordinator. ESPN.com. Retrieved 13 September 2006
- "Former Rams owner Frontiere dies". MSNBC.com Sports. Archived from the original on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
- "Future ownership of Rams in doubt". Archived from the original on 22 January 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
- Gordon, Jeff (March 25, 2008). "Core must carry Rams through season of change". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
- Coats, Bill (2008-12-24). "Shaw steps down, Devaney is promoted by St. Louis Rams". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on 2013-02-03.
- Miklasz, Bernie (May 31, 2009). "St. Louis Rams soon will be put up for sale". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009.
- "NFL Team Valuations: #23 St Louis Rams". Forbes. September 10, 2008.
- "Kroenke opts to try to buy Rams". ESPN.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
- Burke, Chris (April 30, 2015). "St. Louis Rams select Todd Gurley No. 10 in 2015 NFL draft". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
- Wagoner, Nick (November 2, 2015). "Todd Gurley sets mark for most yards in first four starts". "ESPN". Retrieved November 4, 2015.
- Bryant, Tim. "Edward Jones Dome authority to seek state tax credits". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
- Farmer, Sam; Fenno, Nathan. "Roger Goodell says NFL stadium proposals are not viable in Oakland, St. Louis and San Diego". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- Farmer, Sam; Vincent, Roger (5 January 2015). "Owner of St. Louis Rams plans to build NFL stadium in Inglewood". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
- Wagoner, Nick (February 1, 2014). "Stan Kroenke buys 60 acres in L.A." ESPN. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
- Piper, Brandie (January 31, 2014). "Report: Rams owner bought 60 acres of land in Calif". KSDK. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
- Farmer, Sam (January 30, 2014). "A return of L.A. Rams? Owner is said to buy possible stadium site". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
- Hanzus, Dan (January 12, 2016). "Rams to relocate to L.A.; Chargers first option to join". NFL.com. National Football League. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
- "Rams to Return to Los Angeles". St. Louis Rams. January 12, 2016. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
Bibliography
- Everson, Linda (1995). St. Louis Rams Facts & Trivia. South Bend: The E.B. Houchin Company. ISBN 0-938313-13-4
- Hession, Joseph (1987). The Rams: Five Decades of Football. San Francisco: Foghorn Press.
- Hunstein, Jim (2000). How 'Bout Them Rams; A Guide to Rams Football History. St. Louis: Palmerston & Reed. ISBN 0-911921-62-1
- LaBlanc, Michael L.; with Ruby, Mary K. (1994). Professional Sports Team Histories: Football. Detroit: Gale Research Inc. ISBN 0-8103-8861-8
- Levy, Alan H. (2003). Tackling Jim Crow, Racial Segregation in Professional Football. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Co., Inc. ISBN 0-7864-1597-5
- Littlewood, Thomas B. (1990). Arch: A Promoter, not a Poet: The Story of Arch Ward. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press. ISBN 0-8138-0277-6
- Lyons, Robert S. (2010). On Any Given Sunday, A Life of Bert Bell. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-59213-731-2
- MacCambridge, Michael (2005). America’s Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation. New York: Anchor Books ISBN 978-0-307-48143-6
- McDonough, Will (1994). 75 Seasons: The Complete Story of the National Football League. Atlanta: Turner Publishing, Inc. ISBN 1-57036-056-1
- Peterson, Robert W. (1997). Pigskin: The Early Years of Pro Football. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507607-9
- Ross, Charles K. (1999). Outside the Lines: African Americans and the Integration of the National Football League. New York: New York Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8147-7495-4
- Strode, Woody; with Young, Sam (1990). Goal Dust. Lanham, Maryland: Madison Books. ISBN 0-8191-7680-X
- Sullivan, George (1968). Pro Football’s All Time Greats. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 23–28.
- Willis, Chris (2010). The Man Who Built the National Football League: Joe F. Carr. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-7669-9