Heshen

Heshen (Manchu: ᡥᡝᡧᡝᠨ; Möllendorff: Hešen; Chinese: 和珅; pinyin: Héshēn; Wade–Giles: Ho2-shen1; 1 July 1750 – 22 February 1799) of the Manchu Niohuru clan, was an official of the Qing dynasty favored by the Qianlong Emperor. Born Shanbao (Shan-pao; 善保), his given name was later changed to Heshen. His courtesy name was Zhizhai (Chih-chai; 致齋). He was a member of the Plain Red Banner, and known as the most corrupt official in Chinese history. Heshen was born as the son of a Manchu military officer and was selected to go to the most privileged school for Manchu aristocratic boys. He lost his mother when he was young and it was said he and his younger brother had a hard life under his stepmother. However, it was reported that Heshen was an excellent student, knowing several languages including Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca), Manchu, Mongolian and Tibetan. In 1772, he began work in the Imperial Palace, assigned as an imperial bodyguard and was stationed at the gates to the Forbidden City.

This name uses Manchu naming customs. The given name is Heshen, it should be used solely or with titles but not with the clan name Niohuru.
For the Chinese web series, see Tientsin Mystic.
Heshen
Chief Grand Councillor
In office
1797–1799
MonarchJiaqing Emperor
Preceded byAgui
Succeeded byYongxing
Grand Councillor
In office
1776 – 1799
(as the Chief Grand Councillor since 1797)
MonarchQianlong Emperor
Jiaqing Emperor
Grand Secretary of the Wenhua Hall
In office
11 September 1786 – 2 February 1799
MonarchQianlong Emperor
Jiaqing Emperor
Preceded byCai Xin
Succeeded byDong Gao
Minister of Personnel
In office
4 September 1784 – 16 September 1786
Serving with Liu Yong
MonarchQianlong Emperor
Preceded byUmitai
Succeeded byFuk'anggan
Minister of Revenue
In office
26 April 1780 – 4 September 1784
Serving with Liang Guozhi
MonarchQianlong Emperor
Preceded byFeng Yinglian
Succeeded byFuk'anggan
Personal details
Born
Shanbao (善保)

(1750-07-01)1 July 1750
Beijing, Qing dynasty
Died22 February 1799(1799-02-22) (aged 48)
Zhizhai, Beijing, Qing dynasty
Cause of deathhanging
Spouse(s)Feng Jiwen
Domestic partnerLady Chang
RelationsGurun Princess Hexiao (daughter-in-law)
Helin (brother)
ChildrenFengšeninde
a son
three daughters
OccupationOfficial
Net worth1,100 million taels of silver
Noble titles1st class baron→3rd class earl→1st class duke

Ascendance

Within a year of his initial employment, Heshen was promoted to vice-president of the Ministry of Revenue, and two months later was made a Grand Councilor. Within three months, he was promoted even further to a minister of the Imperial Household Department, a post usually filled with the most meritorious officials. In 1777, at the age of 27, Heshen was given the privilege of riding a horse within the Forbidden City, a prestigious privilege given only to high-ranking officials of elderly age. It was not long before Heshen was given control of both the Ministry of Revenue and the Civil Council, allowing him to control the revenue of the entire empire, and appoint his own henchmen to important posts within the officials.

The Salar Jahriyya Sufi revolt was put down by Fuk'anggan along with Agui and Li Shiyao Gansu in 1784,[1][2] while Heshen was recalled for his failure during the revolt.[3]

Heshen's hold on the Qianlong Emperor was further strengthened when in 1790, his son was married to the emperor's tenth and favorite daughter, Hexiao. Once secure of the Qianlong Emperor's favor and approbation, Heshen enjoyed almost complete freedom of action. He became openly corrupt and practiced extortion on a grand scale. His supporters within the imperial system followed his lead, and his military associates prolonged campaigns in order to continue the benefits of additional funds. He abrogated powers and official posts, including that of Grand Councilor, and regularly stole public funds and tax revenue. Taxes were raised again and again, and this led to the suffering of the people. Unfortunately, their suffering was compounded by severe floods of the Yellow River - an indirect result of the corruption where dishonest officials pocketed funds that were meant for the upkeep of canals and dams. Rising prices of rice led to many that simply starved to death. This widespread corruption and nepotism was the start of a century that led to the downfall of the Qing Dynasty.

In 1793, Heshen was responsible for hosting the Macartney Embassy to the imperial court.

Fall

The shame of Heshen's corruption came to play when the Qianlong Emperor abdicated in February 1796, the full damage of the corruption was now in wide view. However, Qianlong continued to rule China behind the scenes under the grand title of Taishang Huang (Retired Emperor). It was not until Qianlong's death on 7 February 1799 that his successor, the Jiaqing Emperor, was able to prosecute Heshen. On February 12, Heshen was arrested along with Minister Du Daozhao. Declared guilty by an imperial edict, he was condemned to slow slicing. The Jiaqing Emperor spared Heshen this horrible death out of respect for his half-sister Gurun Princess Hexiao, and instead ordered him to commit suicide (by hanging himself with a rope of golden silk) in his home on 22 February, sparing his family.

From the 24 years that Heshen caught the Qianlong Emperor's attention and favor, he had amassed an incredible fortune. In the Jiaqing Emperor's confiscation of Heshen's property, his wealth estate included:

3,000 rooms in his estates and mansions, 8,000 acres (32 km2) of land, 42 bank branches, 75 pawnbroker branches, 60,000 taels of pure gold, 100 large ingots of pure gold, (1,000 taels each), 56,600 medium silver ingots, (100 taels each), 9,000,000 small silver ingots, (10 taels each), 58,000 livres/pounds of foreign currency, 1,500,000 copper coins, 600 lb of top-quality Jilin ginseng, 1,200 jade charms, 230 pearl bracelets, 10 large pearls (each the size of longans), 10 large ruby crystals, 40 large sapphire crystals, 40 tablefuls of solid-silver eating utensils, (served 10 per table), 40 tablefuls of solid-gold eating utensils, (served 10 per table), 11 coral rocks (each over a meter in height), 14,300 bolts of fine silk, 20,000 sheets of fine sheep-fur wool, 550 fox hides, 850 raccoon dog hides, 56,000 sheep and cattle hides of varying thickness, 7,000 sets of fine clothing (for all four seasons), 361,000 bronze and tin vases and vessels, 100,000 porcelain vessels made by famous masters, 24 highly decorative solid-gold beds (each with eight different types of inlaid gemstones), 460 high quality European clocks, 606 servants, 600 women in his harem.

His total property was ultimately estimated at around 1,100 million taels of silver, reputedly estimated to be an amount equivalent to the imperial revenue of the Qing government for 15 years. In his chief butler Liu Quan's quarters, a large quantity of treasures including 240,000 silver taels were also discovered. The Jiaqing Emperor charged Heshen with 20 crimes, of which "defiance of imperial supremacy" and "power transcendence" accounted for half.

The influence of Heshen however did not end with his death, as corruption continued to spread through different levels in and out of the capital, among both civil and military personnel. Bannermen developed habits that made them useless as a military force. The Chinese Green Standard Army was beset with irregular practice and had lost much of its fighting spirit shown in the early Qing Dynasty. The habits of luxury and big spending led to moral degradation and the general decline of the dynasty. The Qianlong Emperor's Ten Great Campaigns were completed at the cost of 120 million taels, against an annual revenue of some 40 million taels. The result of these massive spendings and increasing trend towards luxury set the path towards financial instability within the later part of the Qing Dynasty.

For more than two hundred years, and right through to the present, Heshen has been a stock villain role in theatrical, film and television productions. Chinese actors Wang Gang and Chen Rui are among the best known persons who have portrayed Heshen on screen: the former gave the character of Heshen a comical touch with his plump figure; the latter, who played Heshen in the 2003 television series Qianlong Dynasty, was said to resemble the historical Heshen more closely as compared to Wang Gang.

Hong Kong actor Ruco Chan played Heshen in the 2018 TVB series Succession War, a fictional depiction of the final 28 days of his life.

Alternative views

The widespread view of Heshen as a corrupt official most likely originated from Qing Dynasty historical records, and only the Qing emperor had the authority to determine what content was to be kept in the documents, presenting a possible case of bias against Heshen.

The alternative argument states that whatever the emperor dictates becomes the content of the records. The many official positions held by Heshen could have posed a threat to the authority of the Jiaqing Emperor, and produced a sense of jealousy to his power and influence over the imperial court, as well as the more legitimate threat to the emperor. Whether Heshen was an honest official that worked for the empire did not matter to the emperor, because Heshen still held a prominent position. It is uncertain whether Heshen yielded significant respect from the other officials during the Qianlong Emperor's reign or the administrations simply feared his power. The Jiaqing Emperor, whether acting from the threat of Heshen's overarching influence over the court or from jealousy, with the influence of other officials who disliked Heshen, could have brought charges against Heshen through legal pretexts that would condemn him to a death sentence.

It is argued that the majority of Heshen's wealth were originally from gifts of the Qianlong Emperor, not from money siphoned by corrupt actions.

Former residence
The Prince Gong Mansion in Beijing, which was the former residence of Heshen.

Several decades after Heshen's death, his former residence was later given to Prince Gong as the latter's official residence. The estate, known as the Prince Gong Mansion, is now preserved as a museum and a tourist attraction. It is located at 17 Qianhai Road West in Beijing.

Family
  • Maternal great-grandfather
  • Maternal grandfather
  • Maternal grandmother
    • Lady Lingiya (劉佳氏)
  • Father
    • Changbao (常保), Banner vice-commander of Fujian (福建副都統)
  • Mother
    • Lady Wumi (伍彌氏)
  • Younger brother
    • Helin (和琳) (26 August 1753 – 28 September 1796), father of Fengshen Yimian and two daughters
  • Younger sister-in-law
    • Lady Tatara (他他拉氏), daughter of Sulinga (蘇凌阿), mother of Fengshen Yimian
  • Nephew
    • Fengshen Yimian (豐紳宜綿) (1755–1813)
  • Nieces
    • Two daughters of Helin
  • Wife
    • Feng Jiwen (馮霽雯), granddaughter of Feng Yinglian (馮英廉); mother of Fengšeninde, Heshen's second son, and Heshen's three daughters
  • Concubine
    • Lady Chang (長氏)
  • Sons
    • Fengšeninde (豐紳殷德) (18 February 1775 – May 1810), married Gurun Princess Hexiao (固倫和孝公主)
    • second son (1794–?)
  • Daughters
    • Three daughters
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References
  1. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~qing/WEB/FU-K'ANG-AN.html
  2. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~qing/WEB/LI_SHIH-YAO.html
  3. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~qing/WEB/HO-SHEN.html
  • Hummel, Arthur William, ed. Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644–1912). 2 vols. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1943.
  • The Qing Dynasty at All Empires
  • Immanuel Hsü (1990). The Rise of Modern China. Oxford Press. ISBN 0-19-512504-5.
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