Hemigrapsus estellinensis

Hemigrapsus estellinensis is an extinct species of crab, formerly endemic to the Texas Panhandle. It was discovered by Gordon C. Creel in 1962 and was probably already extinct before his description was published in 1964, after the Estelline Salt Springs where it lived were contained by the United States Army. H. estellinensis is closely related to species from the Pacific Ocean such as Hemigrapsus oregonensis, but lived 800 km (500 mi) inland in a hypersaline spring. It differed from its relatives by the pattern of spots on its back, and by the relative sizes of its limbs.

Hemigrapsus estellinensis
artist's image
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Crustacea
Class:
Malacostraca
Order:
Decapoda
Infraorder:
Brachyura
Family:
Varunidae
Genus:
Hemigrapsus
Species:
†H. estellinensis
Binomial name
Hemigrapsus estellinensis
Creel, 1964

Description
Hemigrapsus oregonensis, the closest relative of H. estellinensis, on Orcas Island, Washington

H. estellinensis has a rectangular carapace with almost parallel sides. Males have a carapace length of up to 18.5 millimetres (0.73 in) and a carapace width of up to 22 mm (0.87 in), while females have a carapace up to 17 mm (0.67 in) long and 22 mm (0.87 in) wide. The front corners of the carapace are developed into three strong teeth on each side.[1]

The chief difference between H. estellinensis and other species in the genus is the extensive pattern of rust-red spots on the animal's "drab green" carapace.[1] H. estellinensis also has a pair of conspicuous white spots near the ends of the H–shaped indentation on the animal's back, and another spot between each of those spots and the lateral margin of the carapace.[1] The legs are marked with larger spots than the carapace, and both the chelipeds and the walking legs are shorter than in other species. There are no spots on the animal's underside, including the abdomen.[1] In males, the chelipeds bear a hairy patch containing chemoreceptors on the ventral side of the claw.[1]

Creel collected 6 males and ten females; one of the males is the holotype and all the others are paratypes. All sixteen are held in the National Museum of Natural History as specimens USNM 107855 and USNM 107856.[1] A few living specimens were taken to Wayland College (now Wayland Baptist University), but died within 17 hours for unknown reasons. Two of the females laid eggs before dying, one laying 3,000 and the other 8,000.[1]

Distribution and ecology
Location of Estelline in the continental United States

H. estellinensis lived in Estelline Salt Springs east of the town of Estelline in Hall County, Texas, 800 kilometres (500 mi) from the nearest ocean.[1] Before its extinction, it was the only troglobitic crab in the contiguous United States.[2] Its occurrence so far from the ocean has been described as "curious", and the species was "probably a Pleistocene relic".[3]

The springs originally produced water with a salinity of 43‰ that fed the Prairie Dog Town Fork of the Red River.[4] The salinity derives from Permian red beds, and has a strong structuring effect on the Red River's biota.[4] It had a flow of approximately 11,000 litres (3,000 US gal) per minute, and the pool was 20 m (65 ft) wide at the surface, which was at an altitude of 531.1 metres (1,742.5 ft) above sea level.[1] At a depth of 8 m (25 ft), it was only 6 m (20 ft) wide, and then widened slightly down to a depth of 37 m (120 ft).[1] Below that, an opening 0.9 m (3 ft) wide led into a cavern completely filled with water.[1]

The United States Army Corps of Engineers built a dike around the Estelline Salt Springs in January 1964,[5] which has reduced the chloride load on the Red River by 220 tonnes (240 short tons) per day.[6] Before it was contained, the spring had a rich biota, comprising the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria and Lyngbya, the green algae Ulva clathrata and U. intestinalis, twenty species of diatom, many invertebrates – including a species of barnacle – and a single fish species, Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis.[1] The springs have since increased in salinity, and many species have been driven to extinction, including H. estellinensis and the undescribed barnacle.[5] As early as December 1962, attempts to find further living individuals of H. estellinensis were unsuccessful, and it was probably extinct before Creel's description was published in 1964.[1]

The closest relative of H. estellinensis is the shore crab Hemigrapsus oregonensis, which lives along the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The entire genus is restricted to the Pacific Ocean, except for Hemigrapsus affinis which lives along the Atlantic coasts of South America, from Cape San Roque (Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil) to the Gulf of San Matías (Patagonia, Argentina), and population of Hemigrapsus sanguineus which have been introduced from the species' native range in East Asia to the Atlantic coast of the United States from Portland, Maine to North Carolina, and to the English Channel and North Sea.[7]

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gollark: The deltas thing would introduce quite a lot of complexity in processing, you see.
gollark: But this is also not very space-efficient (although most notes will be small enough that this isn't a massive issue).
gollark: I was thinking about how to do revisions in minoteaur™, you see, and the easiest method would just be to, on every edit, store a compressed version of the content (this is also what dokuwiki does).

References
  1. Gordon C. Creel (1964). "Hemigrapsus estellinensis: a new grapsoid crab from North Texas". The Southwestern Naturalist. 8 (4): 236–241. doi:10.2307/3669636. JSTOR 3669636.
  2. John Roth. "Threats to Endemic Cave Species". Previous Works of IGCP 448 Participants relevant to the Project. Karst Dynamics Laboratory, Ministry of Land and Resources of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on May 1, 2010. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
  3. Horton H. Hobbs III (2001). "Decapoda". In James H. Thorp; Alan P. Covich (eds.). Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates (2nd ed.). San Diego & London: Academic Press. pp. 955–1001. ISBN 978-0-12-690647-9.
  4. William J. Matthews; Caryn C. Vaughn; Keith B. Gido; Edie Marsh-Matthews (2005). "Southern Plains Rivers". In Arthur C. Benke; Colbert E. Cushing (eds.). Rivers of North America. Academic Press. pp. 283–326. ISBN 978-0-12-088253-3. Proofs of the entire chapter are also available.
  5. Gunnar Brune (2010-06-12). "Estelline Salt Springs". Handbook of Texas. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  6. "Wichita River Basin Project Reevaluation". Wichita River Basin Chloride Control Project. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on September 14, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
  7. Dragoş Micu; Victor Niţă; Valentina Todorova (2010). "First record of the Japanese shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (de Haan, 1835) (Brachyura: Grapsoidea: Varunidae) from the Black Sea" (PDF). Aquatic Invasions. 5 (Supplement 1): S1–S4. doi:10.3391/ai.2010.5.S1.001.

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