Hindi verbs

Hindi verbs are highly inflected in comparison to English, but markedly simple in comparison to Sanskrit, from which Hindi has inherited its verbal conjugation system (through Prakrit). Verbs in Hindi conjugate according to mood, tense, person and number. Aspect-marking participles in Hindi mark the aspect. Gender is not distinct in the present tense of indicative mood, however, all the participle form of verbs are agrees with the gender and number of the subject. Verbs in Hindi agree with the gender of the subject or the object depending on whether the subject pronoun is in the dative or ergative case (agrees with the object) or the direct case (agrees with the subject).[1]

Overview

Verbs

In Hindi, all the verbs have a base form called the infinitive which is marked by the -nā ending of verbs.[2]

Complex Verbs

Hindi is extremely rich in complex verbs which are formed by the combinations of noun/adjective and a verb. Complex verbs are of two types: transitive and intransitive.[3]

• The transitive verbs are obtained by combining nouns/adjectives with verbs such as karnā ‘to do’, lenā ‘to take’, denā ‘to give’, jītnā ‘to win’ etc.

• The intransitive verbs are formed with the help of verbs such as honā ‘to be/happen’, lagnā ‘to feel’, ānā ‘to come’ etc.

Complex verbs (Complex predicates) are of the combination:

1. Noun + Verb
2. Adjective + Verb
3. Verb + Verb
4. Verb + Verb + Verb
5. Verb + Verb + Verb + Verb

where the noun, adjective or the first verb contributes the semantic content and the verb or second verb accounts for the syntactic information of the construction. Noun/adjective and verb combinations are termed conjunct verbs, as in (1) and (2) in the examples below whereas the combinations of two verbs are called compound verbs, as in the example (3) below.

Examplesː

(1) [noun + verb] kām karnā (conjunct infinitive) → kiyā (conjunct preterite)

shīlā-nē

sheela:FEM.SG-ERG

kām

work:MASC.SG-DIR

kiyā.

do.PRF.MASC.SG

shīlā-nē kām kiyā.

sheela:FEM.SG-ERG work:MASC.SG-DIR do.PRF.MASC.SG

'Sheela did the work'

(2) [adjective + verb] sāf karnā (conjunct infinitive) → sāf kiyā (conjunct preterite)

shīlā-nē

sheela:FEM.SG-ERG

kamrā

room:MASC.SG-DIR

sāf

clean

kiyā.

do.PRF.MASC.SG

shīlā-nē kamrā sāf kiyā.

sheela:FEM.SG-ERG room:MASC.SG-DIR clean do.PRF.MASC.SG

'Sheela cleaned the room'

(3) [verb + verb] bol denā (compound infinitive) → bol diyā (compound preterite)

shīlā-nē

sheela:FEM.SG-ERG

sach

truth:MASC.SG-DIR

bol

tell

diyā.

give.PRF.MASC.SG

shīlā-nē sach bol diyā.

sheela:FEM.SG-ERG truth:MASC.SG-DIR tell give.PRF.MASC.SG

'Sheela told the truth.'

(4) [verb + verb + verb] bol diyā jānā (compound infinitive) → bol diyā gayā (compound preterite)

shīlā-ko

sheela:FEM.SG-ACC

ye

this.DEM

bāt

thing:FEM.SG-DIR

bol

tell

dī

give.PRF.FEM.SG

gayī.

gone.PRF.FEM.SG

shīlā-ko ye bāt bol dī gayī.

sheela:FEM.SG-ACC this.DEM thing:FEM.SG-DIR tell give.PRF.FEM.SG gone.PRF.FEM.SG

'Sheela was told this thing.'

(5) [verb + verb + verb + verb] bol diyā gayā honā (compound infinitive) → bol diyā gayā hai (compound preterite)

shīlā-ko

sheela:FEM.SG-ACC

ye

this.DEM

bāt

thing:FEM.SG-DIR

bol

tell

dī

give.PRF.FEM.SG

gayī

gone.PRF.FEM.SG

hai.

be.3P.SG

shīlā-ko ye bāt bol dī gayī hai.

sheela:FEM.SG-ACC this.DEM thing:FEM.SG-DIR tell give.PRF.FEM.SG gone.PRF.FEM.SG be.3P.SG

'Sheela has been told this thing.'

In the above five example sentences, there are five types of Hindi verbal constructions which can be grouped into two categories of complex verbs in Hindi, namely, conjunct verbs and compound verbs.[3] (1) and (2) are examples of conjunct verbs since in (1) we find a noun kām ‘work’ and a perfective form of the verb karnā, ‘do’ whereas in (2) the verbal predicate exhibits a complex construction made of two elements, namely an adjective sāf ‘clean’ plus a verb karnā, ‘do’. The example in (3), (4) and (4), on the other hand, are considered be compound verbs as their predicates exhibit two or more than two verbal elements, for (3), bol ‘tell’ and denā ‘give’, for (4) bol 'tell' diyā 'gave' jānā 'go', for (5) bol 'tell' diyā 'gave' gayā 'went' honā 'be'.

Irregular Verbs

There are very few irregular verbs. There are two types of irregularities in Hindi verbs, which are:

• Irregular in their non-personal forms (past participle forms)
  1. honā - to be
  2. karnā - to do
  3. dēnā - to give
  4. lēnā - to take
  5. pīnā - to drink
  6. jānā - to go
• Irregular in their indicative personal forms (conjugations)
  1. honā - to be
  2. lēnā - to take
  3. dēnā - to give
  4. pīnā - to drink

Irregular preterite forms of the verbs above are given in the table below:

Verbs Irregular in Preterite

Verb	Regular Stem	Irregular Stem		Masculine		Feminine
				Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
honā	ho-	hu-		huā	huē	huī	huīm̥
jānā	jā-	ga-		gayā	ga(y)ē	ga(y)ī	ga(y)īm̥
karnā	kar-	ki-	kī-	ki(y)ā	ki(y)ē	kī	kīm̥
dēnā	dē-	di-	dī-	di(y)ā	di(y)ē	dī	dīm̥
lēnā	lē-	li-	lī-	li(y)ā	li(y)ē	lī	līm̥
pīnā	pī-	pi-	pī-	pi(y)ā	pi(y)ē	pī	pīm̥

Note:

• The suffixes remain regular, but only the verb stem changes.
• -(y)- represents that it is optional to put the semi-vowel "y".

Irregular Verb Conjugations in Indicative and Subjunctive Mood

Verb	Mood	Tense	Number	1st Person	2nd Person			3rd Person
					Initimate	Neutral	Formal	Neutral	Formal
honā (to be)	Indicative	Present	Singular	hūm̥	hai	ho	haim̥	hai	haim̥
			Plural	haim̥	–			haim̥
	Subjunctive	Present	Singular	hūm̥	ho	ho	hõ	ho	hõ
			Plural	hõ	–			hõ
		Future	Singular	hoūm̥	hoē	ho'o	hoēm̥	hoē	hoēm̥
			Plural	hoēm̥	–			hoēm̥
lēnā (to take)	Indicative	Present	Singular	–	–	–	–	–	–
			Plural	–	–			–
	Subjunctive	Present	Singular	–	–	–	–	–	–
			Plural	–	–			–
		Future	Singular	lūm̥	lē	lo	lēm̥	lē	lēm̥
			Plural	haim̥	–			lēm̥
dēnā (to give)	Subjunctive	Future	Singular	hūm̥	de	do	dēm̥	dē	dēm̥
			Plural	haim̥	–			dēm̥
pīnā (to drink)	Subjunctive	Future	Singular	piyūm̥	piyē	piyo	piyēm̥	piyē	piyēm̥
			Plural	piyēm̥	–			piyēm̥

Note:

• There is no 2nd person intimate plural pronoun in Hindi.

• Present indicative and present subjunctive forms exist only for the copula verb honā and do not exist for all other verbs. However, present subjunctive forms of other verbs can be formed in their participle forms because they employ the verb honā as the copula. [4]

Aspects

There are three primary aspects in Hindi: Habitual Aspect, Perfective Aspect and Progressive Aspect.[4] Periphrastic Hindi verb forms consist of two elements, the first of these two elements is the aspect marker and the second element is the tense-mood marker.[4] These three aspects are formed from their participle forms being used with the copula verb (honā "to be") of Hindi. However, the primary participles which mark the aspects can be modified periphrastically by adding auxiliary participles constructed from auxiliary verbs of Hindi such as rehnā (to stay/remain), ānā (to come), jānā (to go) after the primary participle to add a nuance to the aspect.[5][6]

Moods

There are five moods in which the three aspects of Hindi can be put into.[1][7] Moods in Hindi are mentioned below:

1. Indicative Mood
2. Presumptive Mood
3. Subjunctive Mood
   • Present Subjunctive
   • Future Subjunctive
4. Contrafactual Mood
   • Conditional
   • Past Subjunctive
5. Imperative Mood
   • Present Imperative
   • Future Imperative [8]

Notes:

• When making an if-sentence, the conditional mood is used in both apodosis and the protasis unlike other languages such as the ones in the Romance branch which make use of unique past-subjunctive and conditional verb forms in the apodosis and the protasis, respectively.[9]
• The difference between the present and the future subjunctive exists only for the copula verb honā (to be) in Hindi and for all other verbs they have a common form.

Participles

There are two types of participles in Hindi, aspectual participles which mark the aspect and non-aspectual participles which do not mark aspect. In the table below which mentions the different participles present in Hindi, ɸ denotes the verb root. The verb root ɸ for non-complex verbs is a single root however for complex verbs ɸ is in the form of ɸ1 + ɸ2 where ɸ2 acts like ɸ of the non-complex verbs which is declinable according to the aspect, for example, for the verb karnā ("to do") the root is kar and for the complex verb kar jānā (which is one of the perfective forms of "to do") the root is "kar jā-" where ɸ1 = kar and ɸ2 = jā.

Participle		Participle [4][5]	Participle + Auxiliary Participles [5]
Aspectual	Habitual [4][5]	ɸ-tā (sg., masc.) ɸ-tē (pl., masc.) ɸ-tī (sg., fem.) ɸ-tīm̥ (pl., fem.)	1. habitual participle + perfective participle of auxiliaries -tā + rahā (sg., masc.) -tā + āyā (sg., masc.) -tā + gayā (sg., masc.) 2. habitual participle + habitual participle of auxuliaries -tā + rehtā (sg., masc.) -tā + ātā (sg., masc.) -tā + jātā (sg., masc.)
	Perfective [4][5]	ɸ-(y)ā (sg., masc.) ɸ-(y)ē (pl., masc.) ɸ-(y)ī (sg., fem.) ɸ-(y)īm̥ (pl., fem.)	1. perfective participle + perfective participle of auxiliaries ɸ-(y)ā + rahā (sg., masc.) ɸ-(y)ā + āyā (sg., masc.) ɸ-(y)ā + gayā (sg., masc.) 2. perfective participle + habitual participle of auxiliaries ɸ-(y)ā + rehtā (sg., masc.) ɸ-(y)ā + jātā (sg., masc.)
	Progressive [4][5]	ɸ + rahā (sg., masc.) ɸ + rahē (pl., masc.) ɸ + rahī (sg., fem.) ɸ + rahīm̥ (pl., fem.)	1. progressive participle + habitual participle of auxiliary ɸ + rahā + rehtā (sg., masc.)
Non-Aspectual	Infinitive / Dative [10]	ɸ-nā (sg., masc.) ɸ-nē (pl., masc.) ɸ-nī (sg., fem.) ɸ-nīm̥ (pl., fem.)	1. dative participle + perfective participle of auxiliary ɸ-nā + rahā (sg., masc.) 2. dative participle + habitual participle of auxiliary ɸ-nā + rehtā (sg., masc.) 3. dative participle + chāhiye (hortative auxiliary) ɸ-nā + chāhiyē (sg., masc.) ɸ-ne + chāhiyē (pl., masc.) ɸ-nī + chāhiyē (sg., fem.) ɸ-nīm̥ + chāhiyē (pl., fem.) 4. dative participle + par̥tā (compulsion showing auxiliary) ɸ-nā + par̥tā (sg., masc.) 5. dative participle + ātā (ability showing auxiliary) ɸ-nā + ātā (sg., masc.)
	Oblique Infinitive / Gerund [11]	ɸ-nē	1. with postpositions ɸ-nē mēm̥ ɸ-nē se ɸ-nē kē liyē ɸ-nē ko 2. without postpositions ɸ1-nē ɸ2-nā
	Prospective / Future [6]	ɸ-nē-vālā (sg., masc.) ɸ-nē-vālē (pl., masc.) ɸ-nē-vālī (sg., fem.) ɸ-nē-vālīm̥ (pl., fem.)
	Conjunctive [12]	ɸ-kē (short for, ɸ-kar)
	Adjectival [4][13][12]	ɸ-(y)ā-huā (sg., masc.) ɸ-(y)ē-huē (pl., masc.) ɸ-(y)ī-huī (sg., fem.) ɸ-(y)īm̥-huīm̥ (pl., fem.)	1. adjectival participle + progressive participle ɸ-(y)ā-huā + rahā (sg., masc.)
	Progressive	ɸ-tē-ɸ-tē

Note:

• ɸ-(y)ā denotes that when the verb root ends in the vowels "e" and "i" (or their nasalised versions) then the "y" can optionally be included, however, of the verb stem ends in the vowels "a", "o", & "u" (or their nasalised versions) or a consonant, then the "y" must be included in the suffix.
• the participles which do not end in the vowel ā in their masculine singular form are cannot be declined according to gender or number, for example, the oblique infinitive and the progressive participle end in the vowel -ē and hence have the same form for all gender and number combinations. Also, usually such participles do not take in the copula after them but instead a verb.

Some examples of participle forms for different verbs are shown in the table belowː (only the masculine singular form is mentioned)

Examples of Participles for Different Verbs (3rd person is used for translation)

verb root	takes in copula after the participle						takes in a verb (in any aspect and mood/tense) after the participle
	infinitive / dative participle	habitual participle	perfective participle		future / prospective participle	adjectival participle	conjunctive participle	progressive participle	oblique infinitive
									without postposition	with postposition -se
kar-nā (to do)	karnā	kartā	kiyā		karnēvālā	kiya-huā	karkē	kartē-kartē	karnē
	use karnā hai.	vo kartā hai.	vo kiyā.	vo kiyā hai.	vo karnēvālā hai.	vo kiya-huā hai.	vo karkē āyā.	vo kartē-kartē bolā.	vo (usē) karne bolā	vo (usē) karnē-sē huā.
	he has/wants to do (it).	he does (it).	he did (it).	he has done (it).	he is going to do (it).	1. he has (already) done (it). 2. he is done.	he did (it) and (then) came.	he spoke while doing (it).	he told to do (it)	that happened because of doing (it).
chal-nā (to walk)	chalnā	chaltā	chalā		chalnēvālā	chalā-huā	chalkē	chaltē-chaltē	chalnē
	use chalnā hai.	vo chaltā hai.	vo chalā	vo chalā hai	vo chalnēvālā hai.	vo chalā-huā hai.	vo chalkē āyā.	vo chaltē-chaltē bolā.	vo chalne āyā.	(ham) chalne-se tʰak gayē.
	he has/wants to walk.	he walks.	he walked	he has walked	he is going to walk.	he has (already) walked.	he walked and (then) came.	he said while walking.	he came to walk.	we got tired because of walking.
bol-nā (to say) (to speak)	bolnā	boltā	bolā		bolnēvālā	bolā-huā	bolke	bolte-bolte	bolnē
	use bolnā hai.	vo boltā hai.	vo bolā	vo bolā hai	vo bolnēvālā hai.	vo bolā-huā hai.	vo bolke āyā.	vo bolte-bolte āyā.	vo bolnē bolā.	vo bolnē-se mān gayā.
	he has/wants to speak.	he speaks.	he spoke	he has spoken	he is going to speak.	he has (already) spoken.	he spoke and (then) came.	he came (while) speaking.	he told to speak.	he got convinced after talking (to him).
hil-nā (to moved)	hilnā	hiltā	hilā		hilnēvālā	hilā-huā	hilke	hilte-hilte	hilnē
	use hilnā hai.	vo hiltā hai.	vo hilā.	vo hilā hai.	vo hilnēvālā hai.	vo hilā-huā hai.	vo hilke bolā.	vo hilte-hilte bolā.	vo hilnē bolā.	vo hilnē-se gir gayā.
	he has/wants to move.	he moves.	he moved.	he has moved.	he is going to move.	1. he has (already) moved 2. he is moved.	he moved and (then) spoke.	he spoke while moving.	he said to move.	he fell because of moving.

Notesː

• Infinitive/Dative participles always use the dative pronouns as subjects [14], while all others (including the oblique infinitive) have direct-case pronouns as subjects.
• the postposition '-se' (instrumental/ablative marker & comparative marker) in this context above conveys reason when attached with an oblique infinitive.

Verb Paradigm

Non-personal Forms

Undeclined forms
	Verb forms	English equivalent
Infinitive	honā	1. to be 2. to exist 3. to happen 4. to have
Oblique Infinitive	honē	1. being 2. existing 3. happening 4. having
Conjunctive	hokē / hokar	1. after happening 2. after being/becoming
Progressive	hotē-hotē	1. while happening 2. while being 4. while existing
Participles (Declined forms)
Habitual	hotā (sg., masc.) hotē (pl., masc.) hotī (sg., fem.) hotīm̥ (pl., fem.)	1. happens (habitually) [present] 2. used to happen [past]
Perfective	huā (sg., masc.) huē (pl., masc.) huī (sg., fem.) huīm̥ (pl., fem.)	happened
Dative	honā (sg., masc.) hone (pl., masc.) honī (sg., fem.) honīm̥ (pl., fem.)	1. have/want/should (to) be 2. have/want/should (to) happen 3. have/want/should (to) exist
Prospective / Future	honēvālā (sg., masc.) honēvāle (pl., masc.) honēvālī (sg., fem.) honēvālīm̥ (pl., fem.)	1. going to be 2. going to happen 3. going to exist
Adjectival	huā-huā (sg., masc.) huē-huē (pl., masc.) huī-huī (sg., fem.) huīm̥-huīm̥ (pl., fem.)	1. already been 2. already happened

Personal Forms

Personal forms
Mood	Aspect	Tense	Gender	Number and person								English Equivalent (only sg. 3rd) [it/he/she]
				Singular
				1st		2nd			3rd
						intimate	neutral	formal	neutral		formal
				Singular	Plural	Singular	Singular & Plural		Singular	Plural	Singular & Plural
Indicative	Simple	present	m	hūm̥	haim̥	hai	ho	haim̥	hai	haim̥		he is
			f									she is
		perfect	m	huā	huē	huā	huē	huē	huā	huē		he became
			f	huī	huīm̥	huī	huī	huīm̥	huī	huīm̥		she became
		imperfect	m	tʰā	tʰē	tʰā	tʰē	tʰē	tʰā	tʰē		he was
			f	tʰī	tʰīm̥	tʰī	tʰī	tʰīm̥	tʰī	tʰīm̥		she was
		future	m	hoūŋgā	hoēŋgē	hoēgā	ho'ogē	hoēŋgē	hoēgā	hoēŋgē		he will become
			f	hoūŋgī	hoēŋgī	hoēgī	ho'ogī	hoēŋgī	hoēgī	hoēŋgī		she will become
	Habitual	present	m	hotā hūm̥	hotē haim̥	hotā hai	hotē ho	hotē haim̥	hotā hai	hotē haim̥		he becomes
			f	hotī hūm̥	hotī haim̥	hotī hai	hotī ho	hotī haim̥	hotī hai	hotī haim̥		she becomes
		past	m	hotā tʰā	hotē tʰē	hotā tʰā	hotē tʰē	hotē tʰē	hotā tʰā	hotē tʰē		he used to become
			f	hotī tʰī	hotī tʰīm̥	hotī tʰī	hotī tʰī	hotī tʰīm̥	hotī tʰī	hotī tʰīm̥		she used to become
	Perfective	present	m	huā hūm̥	huē haim̥	huā hai	huē ho	huē haim̥	huā hai	huē haim̥		he has become
			f	huī hūm̥	huī haim̥	huī hai	huī ho	huī haim̥	huī hai	huī haim̥		she has become
		past	m	huā tʰā	huē tʰē	huā tʰā	huē tʰē	huē tʰē	huā tʰā	huē tʰē		he had become
			f	huī tʰī	huī tʰīm̥	huī tʰī	huē tʰī	huī tʰīm̥	huī tʰī	huī tʰīm̥		she had become
		future	m	huā hogā	huē hogē	huā hogā	huē hoŋgē	huē hogē	huā hogā	huē hoŋgē		he will have become
			f	huī hogī	huī hoŋgī	huī hogī	huī hoŋgī	huī hoŋgī	huī hogī	huī hoŋgī		she will have become
	Progressive	present	m	ho rahā hūm̥	ho rahē haim̥	ho rahā hai	ho rahē ho	ho rahē haim̥	ho rahā hai	ho rahē haim̥		he is becoming
			f	ho rahī hūm̥	ho rahī haim̥	ho rahī hai	ho rahī ho	ho rahī haim̥	ho rahī hai	ho rahī haim̥		she is becoming
		past	m	ho rahā tʰā	ho rahē tʰē	ho rahā tʰā	ho rahē tʰē	ho rahē tʰē	ho rahā tʰā	ho rahē tʰē		he was becoming
			f	ho rahī tʰī	ho rahī tʰīm̥	ho rahī tʰī	ho rahī tʰī	ho rahī tʰīm̥	ho rahī tʰī	ho rahī tʰīm̥		she was becoming
		future	m	ho rahā hūŋgā	ho rahē hoŋgē	ho rahā hogā	ho rahē hogē	ho rahē hoŋgē	ho rahā hogā	ho rahē hoŋgē		he will be becoming
			f	ho rahī hūŋgī	ho rahī hoŋgī	ho rahī hogī	ho rahī hogī	ho rahī hoŋgī	ho rahī hogī	ho rahī hoŋgī		she will be becoming
Subjunctive	Simple	present	m	hūm̥	hõ	ho	ho	hõ	ho	hõ		(wish) that he is
			f									(wish) that she is
		past	m	hotā	hotē	hotā	hotē	hotē	hotā	hotē		(wish) that he had been
			f	hotī	hotīm̥	hotī	hotē	hotīm̥	hotī	hotīm̥		(wish) that she had been
		future	m	hoūm̥	hoēm̥	hoē	ho'o	hoēm̥	hoē	hoēm̥		(wish) that he become
			f									(wish) that she become
	Habitual	present	m	hotā hūm̥	hotē hõ	hotā ho	hotē ho	hotē hõ	hotā ho	hotē hõ		(wish) that he be (habitually)
			f	hotī hūm̥	hotī hõ	hotī ho	hotī ho	hotī hõ	hotī ho	hotī hõ		(wish) that she be (habitually)
		past	m	hotā hotā	hotē hotē	hotā hotā	hotē hotē	hotē hotē	hotā hotā	hotē hotē		(wish) that he used to become
			f	hotī hotī	hotī hotīm̥	hotī hotī	hotī hotī	hotī hotīm̥	hotī hotī	hotī hotīm̥		(wish) that she used to become
	Perfective	present	m	huā hūm̥	huē hõ	huā ho	huē ho	huē hõ	huā ho	huē hõ		(wish) that he has become
			f	huī hūm̥	huī hõ	huī ho	huī ho	huī hõ	huī ho	huī hõ		(wish) that she has become
		past	m	huā hotā	huē hotē	huā hotā	huē hotē	huē hotē	huā hotā	huē hotē		(wish) that he had become
			f	huī hotī	huī hotīm̥	huī hotī	huī hotī	huī hotīm̥	huī hotī	huī hotīm̥		(wish) that she had become
		future	m	huā hoūm̥	huē hoēm̥	huā hoē	huē ho'o	huē hoēm̥	huā hoē	huē hoēm̥		(wish) that he would become
			f	huī hoūm̥	huī hoēm̥	huī hoē	huī ho'o	huī hoēm̥	huī hoē	huī hoēm̥		(wish) that she would become
	Progressive	present	m	ho rahā hūm̥	ho rahē hõ	ho rahā ho	ho rahē ho	ho rahē hõ	ho rahā ho	ho rahē hõ		(wish) that he be becomming
			f	ho rahī hūm̥	ho rahī hõ	ho rahī ho	ho rahī ho	ho rahī hõ	ho rahī ho	ho rahī hõ		(wish) that she be becomming
		past	m	ho rahā hotā	ho rahē hotē	ho rahā hotā	ho rahē hotē	ho rahē hotē	ho rahā hotā	ho rahē hotē		(wish) that he were becoming
			f	ho rahī hotī	ho rahī hotīm̥	ho rahī hotī	ho rahī hotī	ho rahī hotīm̥	ho rahī hotī	ho rahī hotīm̥		(wish) that she were becoming
		future	m	ho rahā hoūm̥	ho rahē hoēm̥	ho rahā hoē	ho rahē ho'o	ho rahē hoēm̥	ho rahā hoē	ho rahē hoēm̥		(wish) that he will be becoming
			f	ho rahī hoūm̥	ho rahī hoēm̥	ho rahī hoē	ho rahī ho'o	ho rahī hoēm̥	ho rahī hoē	ho rahī hoēm̥		(wish) that she will be becoming
Conditional	Simple	present & past	m	hotā	hotē	hotā	hotē	hotē	hotā	hotē		[if (condition), then] he would be
												[if (condition), then] she would be
			f	hotī	hotīm̥	hotī	hotī	hotīm̥	hotī	hotīm̥		[if (condition), then] he would have been
												[if (condition), then] she would have been
		future	m	hoūŋgā	hoēŋgē	hoēgā	ho'ogē	hoēŋgē	hoēgā	hoēŋgē		[if (condition), then] he would be
			f	hoūŋgī	hoēŋgī	hoēgī	ho'ogī	hoēŋgī	hoēgī	hoēŋgī		[if (condition), then] she would be
	Habitual	present	m	hotā	hotē	hotā	hotē	hotē	hotā	hotē		[if (condition), then] he would have been
			f	hotī	hotīm̥	hotī	hotī	hotīm̥	hotī	hotīm̥		[if (condition), then] she would have been
		past	m	hotā hotā	hotē hotē	hotā hotā	hotē hotē	hotē hotē	hotā hotā	hotē hotē		[if (condition), then] he would have been being
			f	hotī hotī	hotī hotīm̥	hotī hotī	hotī hotī	hotī hotīm̥	hotī hotī	hotī hotīm̥		[if (condition), then] she would have been being
	Perfective	present	m	huā hotā	huē hotē	huā hotā	huē hotē	huē hotē	huā hotā	huē hotē		[if (condition) then)] he would have become
			f									[if (condition) then)] he would have became
		past	m	huī hotī	huī hotīm̥	huī hotī	huī hotī	huī hotīm̥	huī hotī	huī hotīm̥		[if (condition) then)] she would have become
			f									[if (condition) then)] she would have became
		future	m	huā hūŋgā	huē hoŋgē	huā hogā	huē hogē	huē hoŋgē	huā hogā	huē hoŋgē		[if (condition) then] he would become
			f	huī hūŋgī	huī hoŋgī	huī hogī	huī hogī	huī hoŋgī	huī hogī	huī hoŋgī		[if (condition) then] she would become
	Progressive	present & past	m	ho rahā hotā	ho rahē hotē	ho rahā hotā	ho rahē hotē	ho rahē hotē	ho rahā hotā	ho rahē hotē		[if (condition) then] he would have been becoming
			f	ho rahī hotī	ho rahī hotīm̥	ho rahī hotī	ho rahī hotī	ho rahī hotīm̥	ho rahī hotī	ho rahī hotīm̥		[if (condition) then] she would have been becoming
		future	m	ho rahā hūŋgā	ho rahē hoŋgē	ho rahā hogā	ho rahē hogē	ho rahē hoŋgē	ho rahā hogā	ho rahē hoŋgē		[if (condition) then] he would be being
			f	ho rahī hūŋgī	ho rahī hoŋgī	ho rahī hogī	ho rahī hogī	ho rahī hoŋgī	ho rahī hogī	ho rahī hoŋgī		[if (condition) then] she would be being.
Presumptive	Simple	present & past & future	m	hūŋgā	hoŋgē	hogā	hogē	hoŋgē	hogā	hoŋgē		he presumably might be
												he presumably was
												he presumably will be
			f	hūŋgī	hoŋgī	hogī	hogī	hoŋgī	hogī	hoŋgī		she presumably might be
												she presumably was
												she presumably will be
	Habitual	present & past	m	hotā hūŋgā	hotē hoŋgē	hotā hogā	hotē hogē	hotē hoŋgē	hotā hogā	hotē hoŋgē		he presumably becomes (habitually)
												he presumably used to become (habitually)
			f	hotī hūŋgī	hotī hoŋgī	hotī hogī	hotī hogī	hotī hoŋgī	hotī hogī	hotī hoŋgī		she presumably becomes (habitually)
												she presumably used to be (habitually)
	Perfective	present & past & future	m	huā hūŋgā	huē hoŋgē	huā hogā	huē hogē	huē hoŋgē	huā hogā	huē hoŋgē		he presumably might have become (now)
												he presumably might had become (now)
												he presumably might will become
			f	huī hūŋgī	huī hoŋgī	huī hogī	huī hogī	huī hoŋgī	huī hogī	huī hoŋgī		she presumably might have become (now)
												she presumably might had become (now)
												she presumably might will become
	Progressive	present & past & future	m	ho rahā hūŋgā	ho rahē hoŋgē	ho rahā hogā	ho rahē hogē	ho rahē hoŋgē	ho rahā hogā	ho rahē hoŋgē		he presumably might be becoming
												he presumably might had been becoming
												he presumably will be becoming
			f	ho rahī hūŋgī	ho rahī hoŋgī	ho rahī hogī	ho rahī hogī	ho rahī hoŋgī	ho rahī hogī	ho rahī hoŋgī		she presumably might be becoming
												she presumably might had been becoming
												she presumably will be becoming
Imperative	Simple	present	m	–	–	ho	ho'o	hoiyē	hoē	hoēm̥		be! (now)
			f
		future	m			hoiyo	honā	hoiyēgā				be! (in the future)
			f
	Habitual	present	m	–	–	hotā reh	hotē raho	hotē rahiyē	hotā rahē	hotē rahēm̥		keep being! (now)
			f			hotī reh	hotī raho	hotī rahiyē	hotī rahē	hotī rahēm̥
		future	m			hotā rahiyo	hotē rehnā	hotē rahiyēga	hotā rahē	hotē rahēm̥		keep being! (in the future also.)
			f			hotī rahiyo	hotī rehnā	hotī rahiyēga	hotī rahē	hotī rahēm̥
	Perfective	present	m	–	–	huā reh	huē raho	huē rahiyē	huā rahē	huē rahēm̥		stay happened! [english has no proper translation]
			f			huī reh	huī raho	huī rahiyē	huī rahē	huī rahēm̥
		future	m			huē rahiyo	huē rehnā	huē rahiyēga	huā rahē	huē rahēm̥		be happened! [english has no proper translation]
			f			huī rahiyo	huī rehnā	huī rahiyēga	huī rahē	huī rahēm̥

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