Gwichʼin language

Gwichʼin
	Dinjii Zhuʼ Ginjik
Region	Canada (Northwest Territories, Yukon), United States (Alaska)
Ethnicity	3,000 Gwichʼin people (2007)
Native speakers	ca. 560 (2007–2016)[1]
Language family	Dené–Yeniseian? Na-Dené Athabaskan Northern Athabaskan Gwichʼin; ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin (Northern Athabaskan alphabet)
Official status
Official language in	Canada Northwest Territories; [2][3]; United States Alaska[4];
Language codes
ISO 639-2	gwi
ISO 639-3	gwi
Glottolog	gwic1235[5]

The Gwichʼin language (Dinju Zhuh Kʼyuu)[6] belongs to the Athabaskan language family and is spoken by the Gwichʼin First Nation (Canada) / Alaska Native People (United States). It is also known in older or dialect-specific publications as Kutchin, Takudh, Tukudh, or Loucheux.[7] Gwich'in is spoken primarily in the towns of Inuvik, Aklavik, Fort McPherson, Old Crow, and Tsiigehtchic (formerly Arctic Red River) in the Northwest Territories and Yukon of Canada.[8] In Alaska of the United States, Gwichʼin is spoken in Beaver, Circle, Fort Yukon, Chalkyitsik, Birch Creek, Arctic Village, Eagle, and Venetie.[9]

A sign in the Fort McPherson identifies the city by its original Gwichʼin name, Teetl'it Zheh

The ejective affricate in the name Gwichʼin is usually written with symbol U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK, though the correct character for this use (with expected glyph and typographic properties) is U+02BC MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE.

Written Gwich’in

A missionary called Robert McDonald first started working on the written representation of Van Tat and Dagoo dialects Gwich'in. He also produced a Bible and a hymn book which was written in Gwich'in in 1898. He was the only one who used English as his model to represent Gwich'in, while other missionaries were translating the Bible from French into languages such as northern Slavey. [10]

Current status

Few Gwichʼin speak their heritage language as a majority of the population shifts to English. According to the UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, Gwichʼin is now "severely endangered." There are about 260 Gwichʼin speakers in Canada out of a total Gwichʼin population of 1,900. About 300 out of a total Alaska Gwichʼin population of 1,100 speak the language.[6]

In 1988, the NWT Official Languages Act named Gwich'in as an official language of the Northwest Territories, and the Official Languages of Alaska Law as amended declared Gwich'in a recognized language in 2014.[6]

The Gwich'in language is taught regularly at the Chief Zzeh Gittlit School in Old Crow, Yukon Territory.[9]

Projects are underway to document the language and enhance the writing and translation skills of younger Gwich'in speakers. In one project, lead research associate and fluent speaker Gwichʼin elder Kenneth Frank works with linguists and young Gwich'in speakers affiliated with the Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks to document traditional knowledge of caribou anatomy.[11]

Classification

Gwichʼin is a member of the Northern Athabaskan subgroup of the Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit language family. It shares the Hän-Kutchin subdivision with the Hän language.[12]

Dialects

There are two main dialects of Gwichʼin, eastern and western, which are delineated roughly at the Canada–US border.[12] There are several dialects within these subgroupings, including Fort Yukon Gwichʼin, Arctic Village Gwichʼin, Western Canada Gwichʼin (Takudh, Tukudh, Loucheux), and Arctic Red River. Each village has unique dialect differences, idioms, and expressions. The Old Crow people in the northern Yukon have approximately the same dialect as those bands living in Venetie and Arctic Village, Alaska.

Gwich’in speakers located in Old Crow speak several dialects including Kâachik and Tâachik. They are spoken in Johnson Creek village.[10]

Phonology

Consonants

The consonants of Gwichʼin in the standard orthography are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets):[9]

		Labial	Interdental	Alveolar		Retroflex	Palatal	Velar		Glottal
		Labial	Interdental	central	lateral	Retroflex	Palatal	plain	labialized	Glottal
Nasal	voiced	(m /m/)		n /n/
Nasal	voiceless			nh /n̥/
Plosive	plain	(b /p/)		d /t/				g /k/	gw /kʷ/	ʼ /ʔ/
	aspirated			t /tʰ/				k /kʰ/	kw /kʷʰ/
	ejective			tʼ /tʼ/				kʼ /kʼ/
	prenasalized			nd /ⁿd/
Affricate	plain		ddh /tθ/	dz /ts/	dl /tɬ/	dr /ʈʂ/	j /tʃ/
	aspirated		tth /tθʰ/	ts /tsʰ/	tl /tɬʰ/	tr /ʈʂʰ/	ch /tʃʰ/
	ejective		tthʼ /tθʼ/	tsʼ /tsʼ/	tlʼ /tɬʼ/	trʼ /ʈʂʼ/	chʼ /tʃʼ/
	prenasalized						nj /ⁿdʒ/
Fricative	voiced	v /v/	dh /ð/	z /z/		zhr /ʐ/	zh /ʒ/	gh /ɣ/	ghw /ɣʷ/
Fricative	voiceless	(f /f/)	th /θ/	s /s/	ł /ɬ/	shr /ʂ/	sh /ʃ/	kh /x/	khw /xʷ/	h /h/
Approximant	voiced				l /l/	r /ɻ/	y /j/		w /w/
Approximant	voiceless					rh /ɻ̥/

Vowels

	Front		Back
	Short	Long	Short	Long
Close	i [ɪ]	ii [iː]	u [ʊ]	uu [uː]
Mid	e [ɛ]	ee [eː]	o [ɔ]	oo [oː]
Open	a [ə]	aa [aː]

Nasal vowels are marked with an ogonek, e.g. [ą]
Low tone is marked with a grave accent, e.g. [à]
High tone is never marked