Guðrúnarkviða I

Guðrúnarkviða I or the First Lay of Guðrún is simply called Guðrúnarkviða in Codex Regius, where it is found together with the other heroic poems of the Poetic Edda. Henry Adams Bellows considered it to be one of the finest of the eddic poems with an "extraordinary emotional intensity and dramatic force". It is only in this poem that Gjúki's sister Gjaflaug and daughter Gollrönd are mentioned, and the only source where Herborg, the queen of the Huns, appears. The Guðrún lays show that the hard-boiled heroic poetry of the Poetic Edda also had a place for the hardships of women.[1]

Illustration by Johann Heinrich Füssli.

Bellows considers it to be one of the oldest heroic lays and with very few Scandinavian additions. Brynhild's only role is the cause of Sigurd's death and Guðrún's enemy.

Alfred Tennyson's poem Home They Brought Her Warrior Dead was inspired by Benjamin Thorpe's translation of the lay.

Synopsis

Guðrún sat beside her dead husband, Sigurð, but she did not weep with tears like other women, although her heart was bursting with grief.

1. Ár var, þats Guðrún gerðisk at deyja, er hon sat sorgfull yfir Sigurði; gerði-t hon hjúfra né höndum slá, né kveina um sem konur aðrar.[2]	1. Then did Guthrun think to die, When she by Sigurth sorrowing sat; Tears she had not, nor wrung her hands, Nor ever wailed, as other women.[3]

A prose section informs that Guðrún had had a taste of Fafnir's heart from Sigurð and could understand the song of birds. Bellows notes that this information serves no purpose in the poem, but that the Völsunga saga also mentions that she had eaten some of Fafnir's heart, after which she was both wiser and grimmer.

In order to show sympathy and to console her, both jarls and their spouses came to Guðrún to tell her that they too carried great sorrow in their lives.

2. Gengu jarlar alsnotrir fram, þeir er harðs hugar hana löttu; þeygi Guðrún gráta mátti, svá var hon móðug, mundi hon springa. 3. Sátu ítrar jarla brúðir, gulli búnar, fyr Guðrúnu; hvar sagði þeira sinn oftrega, þann er bitrastan of beðit hafði.[2]	2. To her the warriors wise there came, Longing her heavy woe to lighten; Grieving could not Guthrun weep, So sad her heart, it seemed, would break. 3. Then the wives of the warriors came, Gold-adorned, and Guthrun sought; Each one then of her own grief spoke, The bitterest pain she had ever borne.[3]

Her aunt Gjaflaug (Gjúki's sister) told her that she had lost five husbands, two daughters, three sisters and eight brothers, but still carried on living.[4]

Herborg,[5] the queen of the Huns, told her that she had lost her husband and seven of her sons in the south. She had also lost her father, mother and four brothers at sea. She had buried all of them with her own hands, and there was no one to console her. Within the same six months, the queen had even been taken as war booty and had had to bind the shoes of a queen who beat her and abused her. The king was the best lord she had ever known and his queen the worst woman.[6]

Herborg's foster-daughter, and Guðrún's sister, Gollrönd[7] had Sigurð's corpse unveiled and she put Sigurð's head on Guðrún's knees. Gullrönd asked Guðrún to kiss Sigurd as if he were still alive. Guðrún bent over Sigurð's head with his clotted hair and her tears began to run like raindrops.

Gullrönd said that Guðrún's and Sigurð's love was the greatest one she had ever seen. Her sister then answered that Sigurð was a greater man than their brothers and that Sigurð had found her a higher lady than the Valkyries:

18. "Svá var minn Sigurðr hjá sonum Gjúka sem væri geirlaukr ór grasi vaxinn eða væri bjartr steinn á band dreginn, jarknasteinn yfir öðlingum. 19. Ek þótta ok þjóðans rekkum hverri hæri Herjans dísi; nú em ek svá lítil sem lauf séi oft í jölstrum at jöfur dauðan.[2]	17. "So was my Sigurth o'er Gjuki's sons As the spear-leek grown above the grass, Or the jewel bright borne on the band, The precious stone that princes wear. 18. "To the leader of men I loftier seemed And higher than all of Herjan's maids; As little now as the leaf I am On the willow hanging; my hero is dead.[3]

She then turned towards her brothers talking of their crime, and she cursed her brothers that their greed for Fafnir's gold would be their undoing.[8] She then directed her words against Brynhildr and said that their home was happier before she appeared.

Brynhildr, who was present, responded that Guðrún's sister Gollrönd was a witch who had made Guðrún's tears flow and used magic to make her speak. Gullrönd retorted that Brynhildr was a hated woman who had brought sorrow to seven kings and made many women lose their love. Brynhildr then answered by putting the blame on her brother Atli (Attila the Hun), because he had forced her to marry Gunnar against her will.[9] The last stanza dwells on Brynhild's anger:

Stóð hon und stoð, strengði hon efli; brann Brynhildi Buðla dóttur eldr ór augum, eitri fnæsti, er hon sár of leit á Sigurði.[2]	25. By the pillars she stood, and gathered her strength, From the eyes of Brynhild, Buthli's daughter, Fire there burned, and venom she breathed, When the wounds she saw on Sigurth then.[3]

The lay ends with a prose section which tells that Guðrún went into the wilderness and travelled to Denmark where she stayed for three years and a half with Thora, the daughter of Hakon.[10] Referring to Sigurðarkviða hin skamma, the prose section ends by telling that Brynhildr would soon take her own life with a sword after having killed eight of her thralls and five of her maids in order to take them with her.

Notes

1. The article Gudrunarkvida in Nationalencyklopedin.
2. Guðrúnarkviða in fyrsta, Guðni Jónsson's edition with normalized spelling, at Norrøne Tekster og Kvad, Norway.
3. Translation by Bellows.
4. Bellows notes that Gjaflaug and the losses that she reports of the Gjukung clan are mentioned nowhere else and she may be an addition by the poet.
5. Bellows finds it spurious that a queen of the Huns would have showed herself at the Burgundian court.
6. Bellows suggests that the queen had been rightly jealous and later replaced as queen by Herborg.
7. Bellows notes that Gollrönd only appears in this poem.
8. This curse would be fulfilled in the following poems. Like Sigurðarkviða hin skamma, stanza 16, this poem shows that one of the motives for killing Sigurð was Fafnir's gold. This motive was also part of the German tradition appearing in the Nibelungenlied.
9. Bellows suggests that the poet derived this version from Sigurðarkviða hin skamma, stanzas 32-39. These stanzas represent a different version of the story, where Atli was attacked by Gunnar and Sigurd and bought them off by giving them his sister Brynhildr. In this version Atli would have lied to Brynhildr that Gunnar was Sigurd, and according to Bellows this version is supported by the interchange of forms that is described in the Völsunga saga and in Grípisspá (stanzas 37-39). In this poem, Atli forced her to marry Gunnar out of desire for Sigurð's treasure.
10. According to Bellows, Thora and Hakon have never been conclusively identified with other characters in Scandinavian legend.

References

• The First Lay of Guthrun, Henry Adams Bellows' translation and commentary
• The First Lay of Gudrún, Benjamin Thorpe's translation
• The First Lay of Guthrún, Lee M. Hollander's translation
• Guðrúnarkviða hin fyrsta, Sophus Bugge's edition of the manuscript text
• Guðrúnarkviða in fyrsta, Guðni Jónsson's edition with normalized spelling