Gregoria de Jesús
Gregoria Álvarez de Jesús (9 May 1875 – 15 March 1943), also known as Aling Oriang,[1] was the founder and vice-president of the women's chapter of the Katipunan of the Philippines.[2] She was also the custodian of the documents and seal of the Katipunan.[1] She married Gat Andrés Bonifacio, the Supremo of the Katipunan and President of the Katagalugan Revolutionary Government. She played a major and one of the important roles in the Philippine Revolution.[1] After the death of Bonifacio, she married Julio Nakpil, one of the generals of the revolution. She had one son from Andrés Bonifacio and five children from Julio Nakpil.
Gregoria A. de Jesús | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of De Jesús | |
| First Lady of the Philippines (Unofficial) Vice President of the Tagalog Republic | |
| In office 24 August 1896 – 22 March 1897 | |
| Preceded by | Post established |
| Succeeded by | Hilaria Aguinaldo |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Gregoria de Jesús y Álvarez 9 May 1875 Caloocan, Manila, Captaincy General of the Philippines |
| Died | 15 March 1943 (aged 67) Manila, Commonwealth of the Philippines |
| Political party | Katipunan |
| Spouse(s) | |
| Children | Andres de Jesús Bonifacio (died in infancy) Juan Nakpil |
| Profession | Housewife, Politician |
Early life
Gregoria de Jesús was born in the town of Kalookan to a middle-class, pious Roman Catholic family.[3] Her father, Nicolás de Jesús, was a carpenter who later served as a gobernadorcillo.[1] As a young girl, she was an exceptional student and a silver medal recipient in an examination organized by the Governor-General and the local parish priest. When she became a secondary school student, she was induced by her parents to stay home and look after her younger sister and the family farm, since both of her older brothers had moved to Manila to continue their education.[1][3]
First marriage and the Philippine Revolution
When De Jesús was only 18 years old, Andrés Bonifacio fell in love with her and wanted to marry her.[4] He revealed his intentions to her parents, but her father disapproved of the marriage because Bonifacio was a Freemason. Bonifacio nevertheless continued to pursue De Jesús, and after almost six months of courtship, she had fallen in love with him. She revealed that to her father and asked for his approval on their marriage, to which he eventually agreed.[3]
Before they got married in March 1893, she joined the Katipunan adopting the name Lakambini (Tagalog, "noblewoman", also "goddess" or "Muse"). They had a traditional religious wedding at the Binondo Church, followed a week later by a ceremony according to the Katipunan's rites, as the society's members did not approve of their marriage in the Catholic Church, which was seen as an oppressive colonial force.[3] On the evening of the same day, the women’s chapter of the Katipunan was formed, and she was appointed its vice-president and the custodian of the society's documents, swearing fealty to the group's purposes.[3][4] When the Guardia Civil inspected homes unannounced, De Jesús would gather all the secret society's documents and drive all night around town in a calesa, returning home only when assured of safety.
A year later, she returned to her family's house because she was pregnant. She gave birth to their only son, whom she christened Andrés after her husband.[3] Two months later, during Holy Week of 1896, Gregoria and her husband returned to Manila to find their house destroyed by a fire. The couple with their child were then forced to live in friends' and relatives' houses, but had to move quickly from house to house. A few months later, their infant son died of smallpox.[4]
On 19 August 1896, the Katipunan was exposed by Teodoro Patino, a disgruntled member.[4] The Spanish forces reacted quickly to halt the revolution. Many Filipinos were arrested, jailed, and shot, but Bonifacio and De Jesús went into hiding. The Spanish government was able to tighten its surveillance over the Katipunan. The remaining Katipuneros gathered and planned an attack on a Spanish gunpowder storehouse. With an army of almost 800, the Katipuneros were successful in their first attack, and were encouraged to advance to Manila, but Spanish reinforcements arrived, routing the Katipuneros, hundreds of whom were killed or captured in the skirmish.[4] Furthermore, an internal conflict in the Katipunan between the Magdiwang and the Magdalo faction in the province of Cavite—had weakened the society.
On 28 April 1897, De Jesús, Bonifacio, along with his brother Procopio were captured by Aguinaldo's men, led by Agapito Bonzón and José Ignacio Paua, in Indang, Cavite.[5] Andrés was shot in the arm by Bonzón and Paua, who stabbed him in the neck, was prevented from striking further by one of Bonifacio's men, who offered to die in the Supermo's stead. Another Bonifacio brother, Ciriaco was shot dead, while Procopio was beaten; Bonzón may have even raped De Jesús during the attack.[6]
The brothers were found guilty and sentenced to death on charges that included sedition, and later executed on 10 May 1897 in the mountains of Maragondon, Cavite.[3][4]
Later life and death
Julio Nakpil, a commander of the Katipunan forces in northern Philippines loyal to Bonifacio, took care of the widowed De Jesús. The two fell in love, and were married at Quiapo Church on 10 December 1898 in Manila.[3] After the end of the Philippine Revolution, De Jesús lived with Nakpil and their six children in a house of Nakpil's sister, Petrona, and her husband, philanthropist Dr. Ariston Bautista. The childless Bautistas cared for De Jesús and her children, helped raise and educate them.
De Jesús later died in 1943 during the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines.[7]
In popular culture
- Portrayed by Grace Amilbangsa in the 1995 TV series, Bayani.
- Portrayed by Danielle Castaño in the 2010 film, Ang Paglilitis ni Andres Bonifacio.
- Portrayed by Sunshine Cruz in the 2012 film, El Presidente.
- Portrayed by Nica Naval in the 2012 film, Supremo.
- Portrayed by Glaiza de Castro in the 2013 TV series, Katipunan and 2014 TV series Ilustrado.
- Portrayed by Vina Morales in the 2014 film, Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo.
Site Link
- GREGORIA DE JESUS (in English)
- Gregoria de Jesus:Lakambini of the Katipunan (in English)
- National Heroes of the Philippines
- Solidarity Philippines Australia Network Retrieved 2006-12-28. (in English)
References
- "Excerpt". Archived from the original on 2006-04-27. Santiago, Lilia Quindoza (1997). Tales of Courage & Compassion: Stories of Women in the Philippine Revolution. HASIK inc.
- Jesus, Gregoria de. "Filipino Women". Solidarity Philippines Australia Network. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
- Jesus, Gregoria de. "The Katipunera (autobiography)". Filipinas Heritage Library. Archived from the original on June 22, 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
- "Excerpt". Medina, Isagani (1992). Great Lives - Andrés Bonifacio. Tahanan Books. ISBN 978-971-630-005-5.
- Struggle for Freedom' 2008 Ed. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2008. pp. 150–. ISBN 978-971-23-5045-0.
- Ocampo, Ambeth (1999), Rizal Without the Overcoat (Expanded ed.), Anvil Publishing, Inc., ISBN 971-27-0920-5..
- "The Katipunera (autobiography)". MSC. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
| Honorary titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Position established |
First Lady of the Philippines Unofficial 1896-1897 |
Succeeded by Hilaria Aguinaldo |
Authority control  |
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