Ghost in the Shell

Ghost in the Shell[lower-alpha 1] is a Japanese cyberpunk science fiction media franchise based on the seinen manga series of the same name written and illustrated by Masamune Shirow. The manga, first serialized in 1989 under the subtitle of The Ghost in the Shell, and later published as its own tankōbon volumes by Kodansha, told the story of the fictional counter-cyberterrorist organization Public Security Section 9, led by protagonist Major Motoko Kusanagi, and is set in mid-21st century Japan.

This article is about the media franchise in general. For specific works and entries in that franchise, see Ghost in the Shell (disambiguation).
Ghost in the Shell
Logo used in the 1995 film adaptation of the series.
Created byMasamune Shirow
Original workGhost in the Shell
Owned byMasamune Shirow
Kodansha
Print publications
Book(s)
Films and television
Film(s)Animated:

Live-action:

Animated series
Games
Video game(s)
Miscellaneous
OVA

Animation studio Production I.G has produced several anime adaptations of the series. These include the 1995 film of the same name and its sequel, Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence; the 2002 television series, Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex, and its 2020 follow-up, Ghost in the Shell: SAC 2045; and the Ghost in the Shell: Arise original video animation (OVA) series. In addition, an American-produced live-action film was released on March 31, 2017.

Overview

Title

Shirow stated that he had always wanted the title of his manga to be Ghost in the Shell, even in Japan, but his original publishers preferred Mobile Armored Riot Police. He chose "Ghost in the Shell" in homage to Arthur Koestler's The Ghost in the Machine, from which he also drew inspiration.[1]

Setting
Main articles: World of Ghost in the Shell and List of Ghost in the Shell characters

Primarily set in the mid-twenty-first century in the fictional Japanese city of Niihama, Niihama Prefecture (新浜県新浜市, Niihama-ken Niihama-shi),[lower-alpha 2] otherwise known as New Port City (ニューポートシティ, Nyū Pōto Shiti), the manga and the many anime adaptations follow the members of Public Security Section 9, a task-force consisting of various professionals at solving and preventing crime, mostly with some sort of police background. Political intrigue and counter-terrorism operations are standard fare for Section 9, but the various actions of corrupt officials, companies, and cyber-criminals in each scenario are unique and require the diverse skills of Section 9's staff to prevent a series of incidents from escalating.

In this post-cyberpunk iteration of a possible future, computer technology has advanced to the point that many members of the public possess cyberbrains, technology that allows them to interface their biological brain with various networks. The level of cyberization varies from simple minimal interfaces to almost complete replacement of the brain with cybernetic parts, in cases of severe trauma. This can also be combined with various levels of prostheses, with a fully prosthetic body enabling a person to become a cyborg. The main character of Ghost in the Shell, Major Motoko Kusanagi, is such a cyborg, having had a terrible accident befall her as a child that ultimately required her to use a full-body prosthesis to house her cyberbrain. This high level of cyberization, however, opens the brain up to attacks from highly skilled hackers, with the most dangerous being those who will hack a person to bend to their whims.

Media

Literature

Original manga
Main article: Ghost in the Shell (manga)

The original Ghost in the Shell manga ran in Japan from April 1989 to November 1990 in Kodansha's manga anthology Young Magazine, and was released in a tankōbon volume on October 5, 1991.[2] Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface followed 1997 for 9 issues in Young Magazine, and was collected in the Ghost in the Shell: Solid Box on December 1, 2000.[3] Four stories from Man-Machine Interface that were not released in tankobon format from previous releases were later collected in Ghost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor, and published by Kodansha on July 23, 2003.[4] Several art books have also been published for the manga.

Films

Animated films
Main articles: Ghost in the Shell (1995 film), Innocence, and Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie

Two animated films based on the original manga have been released, both directed by Mamoru Oshii and animated by Production I.G. Ghost in the Shell was released in 1995 and follows the "Puppet Master" storyline from the manga. It was re-released in 2008 as Ghost in the Shell 2.0 with new audio and updated 3D computer graphics in certain scenes.[5] Innocence, otherwise known as Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence, was released in 2004, with its story based on a chapter from the first manga.

On September 5, 2014, it was revealed by Production I.G. that a new Ghost in the Shell animated film, Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie (攻殻機動隊 新劇場版) in Japanese, would be released in 2015 promising to show the "further evolution [of the series]".[6] On January 8, 2015, a short teaser trailer was revealed for the project unveiling a redesigned Major more closely resembling her appearance from the older films, and a plot following the Arise continuity of the franchise.[7] The trailer listed Kazuya Nomura as the director, Kazuchika Kise as the general director and character designer, Toru Okubo as the animation director, Tow Ubukata as the screenplay writer and Cornelius as the composer. The film premiered on June 20, 2015, in Japanese theaters.[7]

Live-action film
Main article: Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)

In 2008, DreamWorks and producer Steven Spielberg acquired the rights to a live-action film adaptation of the original Ghost in the Shell manga.[8] On January 24, 2014, Rupert Sanders was announced as director, with a screenplay by William Wheeler.[9] In April 2016, the full cast was announced, which included Juliette Binoche, Chin Han, Lasarus Ratuere and Kaori Momoi, and Scarlett Johansson in the lead role;[10] the casting of Johansson drew accusations of whitewashing.[11][12][13][14] Principal photography on the film began on location in Wellington, New Zealand, on February 1, 2016. Filming wrapped in June 2016.[15] Ghost in the Shell premiered in Tokyo on March 16, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 31, 2017, in 2D, 3D and IMAX 3D.[16] It received mixed reviews, with praise for its visuals and Johansson's performance but criticism for its script.[17][18]

Television

Stand Alone Complex TV series, film and ONA
Main article: Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex

In 2002, Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex premiered on Animax, presenting a new telling of Ghost in the Shell independent from the original manga, focusing on Section 9's investigation of the Laughing Man hacker.[19] It was followed in 2004 by a second season titled Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG, which focused on the Individual Eleven terrorist group.[20] The primary storylines of both seasons were compressed into OVAs broadcast as Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex The Laughing Man in 2005 and Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Individual Eleven in 2006.[21][22] Also in 2006, Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - Solid State Society, featuring Section 9's confrontation with a hacker known as the Puppeteer, was broadcast, serving as a finale to the anime series.[23] The extensive score for the series and its films was composed by Yoko Kanno.[24]

Kodansha and Production I.G announced on April 7, 2017 that Kenji Kamiyama and Shinji Aramaki would be co-directing a new Kōkaku Kidōtai anime production.[25] On December 7, 2018, it was reported by Netflix that they had acquired the worldwide streaming rights to the original net animation (ONA) anime series, titled Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045, and that it would premiere on April 23, 2020. The series will be in 3DCG and Sola Digital Arts will be collaborating with Production I.G on the project. It was later revealed that Ilya Kuvshinov will handle character designs.[26] It was stated that the new series will have two seasons of 12 episodes each.[27] For the first season, the opening theme song music was “Fly with me” as performed by Daiki Tsuneta, while the ending was “Sustain++” as performed by Mili.[28]

In addition to the anime, a series of published books, two separate manga adaptations, and several video games for consoles and mobile phones have been released for Stand Alone Complex.

Arise OVA, TV series and film
Main articles: Ghost in the Shell: Arise and Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie

In 2013, a new iteration of the series titled Ghost in the Shell: Arise premiered, taking an original look at the Ghost in the Shell world, set before the original manga. It was released as a series of four original video animation (OVA) episodes (with limited theatrical releases) from 2013 to 2014, then recompiled as a 10-episode television series under the title of Kōkaku Kidōtai: Arise - Alternative Architecture. An additional fifth OVA titled Pyrophoric Cult, originally premiering in the Alternative Architecture broadcast as two original episodes, was released on August 26, 2015.[29] Kazuchika Kise served as the chief director of the series, with Tow Ubukata as head writer.[30] Cornelius was brought onto the project to compose the score for the series, with the Major's new voice actress Maaya Sakamoto also providing vocals for certain tracks.

Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie, also known as Ghost in the Shell: Arise − The Movie or New Ghost in the Shell, is a 2015 film directed by Kazuya Nomura that serves as a finale to the Ghost in the Shell: Arise story arc. The film is a continuation to the plot of the Pyrophoric Cult episode of Arise, and ties up loose ends from that arc.

A manga adaptation was serialized in Kodansha's Young Magazine, which started on March 13 and ended on August 26, 2013.[31][32]

Video games
Main articles: Ghost in the Shell (video game), Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2004 video game), Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (2005 video game), and Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - First Assault Online

Ghost in the Shell was developed by Exact and released for the PlayStation on July 17, 1997, in Japan by Sony Computer Entertainment.[33] It is a third-person shooter featuring an original storyline where the character plays a rookie member of Section 9. The video game's soundtrack Megatech Body features various electronica artists.[34]

Several video games were also developed to tie into the Stand Alone Complex television series, in addition to a first-person shooter by Nexon and Neople titled Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex - First Assault Online,[35] released in 2016.[36]

Legacy

Ghost in the Shell influenced a number of prominent filmmakers. The Wachowskis, creators of The Matrix and its sequels, showed it to producer Joel Silver, saying, "We wanna do that for real."[37] The Matrix series took several concepts from the film, including the Matrix digital rain, which was inspired by the opening credits of Ghost in the Shell, and the way characters access the Matrix through holes in the back of their necks.[38] Other parallels have been drawn to James Cameron's Avatar, Steven Spielberg's A.I. Artificial Intelligence, and Jonathan Mostow's Surrogates.[38] James Cameron cited Ghost in the Shell as a source of inspiration,[39] citing it as an influence on Avatar.[40]

Bungie's 2001 third-person action game Oni draws substantial inspiration from Ghost in the Shell's setting and characters.[41][42] Ghost in the Shell also influenced video games such as the Metal Gear Solid series,[43] Deus Ex,[44] and Cyberpunk 2077.[45][46]

gollark: This base doesn't even have blue science. It's a lot of materials.
gollark: I accidentally miswired this and produced hundreds of unneeded splitters.
gollark: Oops.
gollark: Factorio tip: trees must die, so use grenades.
gollark: And what is ”that”?

See also

Notes
  1. Known in Japan as Mobile Armored Riot Police (Japanese: 攻殻機動隊, Hepburn: Kōkaku Kidōtai)
  2. There is a real-world Niihama, located in Ehime Prefecture, but its name is written differently in kanji: 新居浜市.

References
  1. "Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Official Log 1", p. 9. Young Magazine Pirate Edition, 2003.
  2. 攻殻機動隊（１） (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
  3. 攻殻機動隊ＳＯＬＩＤ ＢＯＸ. 7netshopping.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2012-10-13.
  4. 攻殻機動隊 １．５ (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
  5. "Ghost in the Shell to Return to Japanese Theaters". Anime News Network. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  6. "New Ghost in the Shell Film Slated for 2015". ANN. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  7. Lovett, Jamie. "Ghost In The Shell: The New Movie Trailer Released Online". comicbook.com. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  8. Siegel, Tatiana; Fleming, Michael (April 14, 2008). "DreamWorks to make 'Ghost' in 3-D". Variety.com. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  9. Bishop, Bryan (January 25, 2014). "Live-action 'Ghost in the Shell' movie signs the director of 'Snow White and the Huntsman'". The Verge. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  10. "Ghost in the Shell Photo Released as Production Begins". Comingsoon.net. April 14, 2016.
  11. Brown, Tracey (January 10, 2015). "'Ghost in the Shell': Scarlett Johansson casting called 'whitewashing'". Hero Complex. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
  12. Child, Ben (January 16, 2015). "DreamWorks accused of 'whitewashing' Ghost in the Shell by casting Scarlett Johansson". The Guardian. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
  13. "Is Scarlett Johansson casting Hollywood 'whitewashing'?". BBC News. April 19, 2016.
  14. Fuster, Jeremy (April 14, 2016). "'Ghost In The Shell' Fans Not Happy About 'Whitewashed' American Remake". TheWrap. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
  15. Tsui, Stephanie (June 2, 2016). ""Ghost in the Shell" Will Film in Hong Kong—and There's Still No Asian Lead". HK Magazine. South China Morning Post. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  16. "Ghost in the Shell Official Trailer 1 (2017) - Scarlett Johansson Movie". YouTube. 2016-11-13. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
  17. "Ghost in the Shell (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  18. "Ghost in the Shell reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  19. "Animax's official GitS:SAC webpage" (in Japanese). Animax. Archived from the original on 2010-10-19. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  20. "Into the Network: The Ghost in the Shell Universe". Production I.G. Archived from the original on 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2011-01-29.
  21. "Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex The Laughing Man". Production I.G. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  22. "Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Individual Eleven". Production I.G. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  23. "Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Solid State Society". Production I.G. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  24. Bull, John (2018-03-08). "Yoko Kanno: The Greatest Composer You've Never Heard Of". Medium. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  25. "Ghost in the Shell Gets New Anime From Kenji Kamiyama, Shinji Aramaki". animenewsnetwork.com. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
  26. "Ghost in the Shell: SAC_2045 3DCG Anime's Characters Designed by Birthday Wonderland's Ilya Kuvshinov", animenewsnetwork.com, retrieved 12 June 2019
  27. "New Ghost in the Shell 3DCG Anime Project to Premiere on Netflix in 2020", animenewsnetwork.com, retrieved 7 December 2018
  28. "Ghost In The Shell SAC_2045 Season 2 release date: Netflix sequel confirmed", Monsters and Critics, retrieved April 28, 2020
  29. "Ghost in the Shell Arise Pyrophoric Cult Episode Slated for August on Home Video in Japan". ANN. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  30. "Ghost in the Shell Arise Anime to Launch in 2013". Anime News Network. January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
  31. "6月22日から映画「攻殻機動隊ARISE GHOST IN THE SHELL」全4部作公開". Gigazine. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
  32. "「攻殻機動隊ＡＲＩＳＥ」コミカライズ 月刊ヤングマガジンで連載開始 公安9課以前を描く | アニメ！アニメ！". Animeanime.jp. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
  33. "攻殻機動隊 GHOST IN THE SHELL". Sony Computer Entertainment. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  34. "世界中で絶賛されている近未来SFコミックス「攻殻機動隊」のプレイステーション・ゲームのSound [Techno] Trax。". Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  35. "First Assault is a free-to-play Ghost in the Shell FPS coming soon". PCGamer. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
  36. Prescott, Shaun. "First Assault is a free-to-play Ghost in the Shell FPS coming soon". PC Gamer. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  37. Joel Silver, interviewed in "Making The Matrix" featurette on The Matrix DVD.
  38. Rose, Steve (19 October 2009). "Hollywood is haunted by Ghost in the Shell". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  39. Rose, Steve (October 19, 2009), "Hollywood is haunted by Ghost in the Shell", The Guardian, archived from the original on March 8, 2013, retrieved July 27, 2011
  40. Schrodt, Paul (1 April 2017). "How the original 'Ghost in the Shell' changed sci-fi and the way we think about the future". Business Insider. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  41. Kushner, David (June 2000). "Ghost in the Machine". SPIN. 16 (6): 86. ISSN 0886-3032.
  42. Harry Al-Shakarchi. "Interview with lead engineer Brent Pease". Bungie.org. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
  43. "Hideo Kojima on the Philosophy Behind 'Ghost in the Shell'". Glixel. April 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-04-10. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
  44. "Ghost in the Shell (2017) – Blu-ray review". What Hi-Fi? Sound and Vision. August 7, 2017.
  45. "Cyberpunk 2077 Devs Looked at Blade Runner and Ghost in the Shell for Inspiration". GamingBolt. 13 January 2019.
  46. Conditt, Jessica (1 August 2012). "CD Projekt Red's 'Cyberpunk' inspired by System Shock, Blade Runner [Update]". Engadget. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018.
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