Jabberwocky

"Jabberwocky" is a nonsense poem written by Lewis Carroll about the killing of a creature named "the Jabberwock". It was included in his 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There, the sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865). The book tells of Alice's adventures within the back-to-front world of Looking-Glass Land.

For other uses, see Jabberwocky (disambiguation).

The Jabberwock, as illustrated by John Tenniel, 1871

In an early scene in which she first encounters the chess piece characters White King and White Queen, Alice finds a book written in a seemingly unintelligible language. Realizing that she is travelling through an inverted world, she recognises that the verses on the pages are written in mirror-writing. She holds a mirror to one of the poems and reads the reflected verse of "Jabberwocky". She finds the nonsense verse as puzzling as the odd land she has passed into, later revealed as a dreamscape.[1]

"Jabberwocky" is considered one of the greatest nonsense poems written in English.[2][3] Its playful, whimsical language has given English nonsense words and neologisms such as "galumphing" and "chortle".

Origin and publication

Alice entering the Looking-Glass Land. Illustration by John Tenniel, 1871

A decade before the publication of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and the sequel Through the Looking-Glass, Carroll wrote the first stanza to what would become "Jabberwocky" while in Croft on Tees, close to Darlington, where he lived as a child. It was printed in 1855 in Mischmasch, a periodical he wrote and illustrated for the amusement of his family. The piece was titled "Stanza of Anglo-Saxon Poetry" and read:

Twas bryllyg, and y^e slythy toves
Did gyre and gymble in y^e wabe:
All mimsy were y^e borogoves;
And y^e mome raths outgrabe.

Carroll wrote the letter-combination y^e for the word the in order to approximate the Middle and Early Modern English scribal abbreviation - a variant of the letter Þ (thorn) combined with the superscript form of the letter "e". The stanza is printed first in faux-mediaeval lettering as a "relic of ancient Poetry" and printed again on the same page "in modern characters".[4]

The rest of the poem was written during Carroll's stay with relatives at Whitburn, near Sunderland. The story may have been partly inspired by the local Sunderland area legend of the Lambton Worm[5][6] and the tale of the Sockburn Worm.[7]

The concept of nonsense verse was not original to Carroll, who would have known of chapbooks such as The World Turned Upside Down[8] and stories such as "The Great Panjandrum". Nonsense existed in Shakespeare's work and was well-known in the Brothers Grimm's fairytales, some of which are called lying tales or lügenmärchen.[9] Roger Lancelyn Green suggests that "Jabberwocky" is a parody of the old German ballad "The Shepherd of the Giant Mountains" in which a shepherd kills a griffin that is attacking his sheep.[10][11][12] The ballad had been translated into English in blank verse by Carroll's cousin Menella Bute Smedley in 1846, many years before the appearance of the Alice books.[11][13] Historian Sean B. Palmer suggests that Carroll was inspired by a section from Shakespeare's Hamlet, citing the lines: "The graves stood tenantless, and the sheeted dead/Did squeak and gibber in the Roman streets" from Act I, Scene i.[14][15]

John Tenniel reluctantly agreed to illustrate the book in 1871,[16] and his illustrations are still the defining images of the poem. The illustration of the Jabberwock may reflect the contemporary Victorian obsession with natural history and the fast-evolving sciences of palaeontology and geology. Stephen Prickett notes that in the context of Darwin and Mantell's publications and vast exhibitions of dinosaurs, such as those at the Crystal Palace from 1854, it is unsurprising that Tenniel gave the Jabberwock "the leathery wings of a pterodactyl and the long scaly neck and tail of a sauropod."[16]

Lexicon

"Jabberwocky"

’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.

“Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
The frumious Bandersnatch!”

He took his vorpal sword in hand:
Long time the manxome foe he sought—
So rested he by the Tumtum tree,
And stood awhile in thought.

And as in uffish thought he stood,
The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,
Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,
And burbled as it came!

One, two! One, two! And through and through
The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!
He left it dead, and with its head
He went galumphing back.

“And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?
Come to my arms, my beamish boy!
O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!”
He chortled in his joy.

’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.

from Through the Looking-Glass, and
What Alice Found There (1871)

Many of the words in the poem are playful nonce words of Carroll's own invention, without intended explicit meaning. When Alice has finished reading the poem she gives her impressions:

"It seems very pretty," she said when she had finished it, "but it's rather hard to understand!" (You see she didn't like to confess, even to herself, that she couldn't make it out at all.) "Somehow it seems to fill my head with ideas—only I don't exactly know what they are! However, somebody killed something: that's clear, at any rate."[1]

This may reflect Carroll's intention for his readership; the poem is, after all, part of a dream. In later writings he discussed some of his lexicon, commenting that he did not know the specific meanings or sources of some of the words; the linguistic ambiguity and uncertainty throughout both the book and the poem may largely be the point.[17]

In Through the Looking-Glass, the character of Humpty Dumpty, in response to Alice's request, explains to her the non-sense words from the first stanza of the poem; however, Carroll's personal commentary on several of the words differ from Humpty's. For example, following the poem, a "rath" is described by Humpty as "a sort of green pig".[18] Carroll's notes for the original in Mischmasch suggest a "rath" is "a species of Badger" that "lived chiefly on cheese" and had smooth white hair, long hind legs, and short horns like a stag.[19] The appendices to certain Looking Glass editions, however, state that the creature is "a species of land turtle" that lived on swallows and oysters.[19] Later critics added their own interpretations of the lexicon, often without reference to Carroll's own contextual commentary. An extended analysis of the poem and Carroll's commentary is given in the book The Annotated Alice by Martin Gardner.

In 1868 Carroll asked his publishers, Macmillan, "Have you any means, or can you find any, for printing a page or two in the next volume of Alice in reverse?" It may be that Carroll was wanting to print the whole poem in mirror writing. Macmillan responded that it would cost a great deal more to do, and this may have dissuaded him.[19]

In the author's note to the Christmas 1896 edition of Through the Looking-Glass Carroll writes, "The new words, in the poem Jabberwocky, have given rise to some differences of opinion as to their pronunciation, so it may be well to give instructions on that point also. Pronounce 'slithy' as if it were the two words, 'sly, thee': make the 'g' hard in 'gyre' and 'gimble': and pronounce 'rath' to rhyme with 'bath'."[20]

In the Preface to The Hunting of the Snark, Carroll wrote, "[Let] me take this opportunity of answering a question that has often been asked me, how to pronounce 'slithy toves'. The 'i' in 'slithy' is long, as in 'writhe', and 'toves' is pronounced so as to rhyme with 'groves'. Again, the first "o" in "borogoves" is pronounced like the 'o' in 'borrow'. I have heard people try to give it the sound of the 'o' in 'worry'. Such is Human Perversity."[21]

Possible interpretations of words

• Bandersnatch: A swift moving creature with snapping jaws, capable of extending its neck.[21] A 'bander' was also an archaic word for a 'leader', suggesting that a 'bandersnatch' might be an animal that hunts the leader of a group.[19]
• Beamish: Radiantly beaming, happy, cheerful. Although Carroll may have believed he had coined this word, usage in 1530 is cited in the Oxford English Dictionary.[22]
• Borogove: Following the poem Humpty Dumpty says: "'borogove' is a thin shabby-looking bird with its feathers sticking out all round, something like a live mop." In Mischmasch borogoves are described differently: "An extinct kind of Parrot. They had no wings, beaks turned up, and made their nests under sun-dials: lived on veal."[19] In Hunting of the Snark, Carroll says that the initial syllable of borogove is pronounced as in borrow rather than as in worry.[21]
• Brillig: Following the poem, the character of Humpty Dumpty comments: "'Brillig' means four o'clock in the afternoon, the time when you begin broiling things for dinner."[18] According to Mischmasch, it is derived from the verb to bryl or broil.
• Burbled: In a letter of December 1877, Carroll notes that "burble" could be a mixture of the three verbs 'bleat', 'murmur', and 'warble', although he did not remember creating it.[22][23]
• Chortled: "Combination of 'chuckle' and 'snort'." (OED)
• Frabjous: Possibly a blend of fair, fabulous, and joyous. Definition from Oxford English Dictionary, credited to Lewis Carroll.
• Frumious: Combination of "fuming" and "furious". In the Preface to The Hunting of the Snark Carroll comments, "[T]ake the two words 'fuming' and 'furious'. Make up your mind that you will say both words, but leave it unsettled which you will say first. Now open your mouth and speak. If your thoughts incline ever so little towards 'fuming', you will say 'fuming-furious'; if they turn, by even a hair's breadth, towards 'furious', you will say 'furious-fuming'; but if you have the rarest of gifts, a perfectly balanced mind, you will say 'frumious'."[21]
• Galumphing: Perhaps used in the poem as a blend of 'gallop' and 'triumphant'.[22] Used later by Kipling, and cited by Webster as "To move with a clumsy and heavy tread"[24][25]
• Gimble: Humpty comments that it means: "to make holes like a gimlet."[18]
• Gyre: "To 'gyre' is to go round and round like a gyroscope."[18] Gyre is entered in the OED from 1420, meaning a circular or spiral motion or form; especially a giant circular oceanic surface current. However, Carroll also wrote in Mischmasch that it meant to scratch like a dog.[19] The g is pronounced like the /g/ in gold, not like gem (since this was how "gyroscope" was pronounced in Carroll's day).[26]
• Jabberwock: When a class in the Girls' Latin School in Boston asked Carroll's permission to name their school magazine The Jabberwock, he replied: "The Anglo-Saxon word 'wocer' or 'wocor' signifies 'offspring' or 'fruit'. Taking 'jabber' in its ordinary acceptation of 'excited and voluble discussion', this would give the meaning of 'the result of much excited and voluble discussion'..."[19] It is often depicted as a monster similar to a dragon. John Tenniel's illustration depicts it with a long serpentine neck, rabbit-like teeth, spidery talons, bat-like wings and, as a humorous touch, a waistcoat. In the 2010 film version of Alice in Wonderland it is shown with large back legs, small dinosaur-like front legs, and on the ground it uses its wings as front legs like a pterosaur, and it breathes out lightning flashes rather than flame.
• Jubjub bird: 'A desperate bird that lives in perpetual passion', according to the Butcher in Carroll's later poem The Hunting of the Snark.[21] 'Jub' is an ancient word for a jerkin or a dialect word for the trot of a horse (OED). It might make reference to the call of the bird resembling the sound "jub, jub".[19]
• Manxome: Possibly 'fearsome'; Possibly a portmanteau of "manly" and "buxom", the latter relating to men for most of its history; or "three-legged" after the triskelion emblem of the Manx people from the Isle of Man.
• Mimsy: Humpty comments that "'Mimsy' is 'flimsy and miserable'".[18]
• Mome: Humpty Dumpty is uncertain about this one: "I think it's short for 'from home', meaning that they'd lost their way, you know". The notes in Mischmasch give a different definition of 'grave' (via 'solemome', 'solemone' and 'solemn').
• Outgrabe: Humpty says "'outgribing' is something between bellowing and whistling, with a kind of sneeze in the middle".[18] Carroll's book appendices suggest it is the past tense of the verb to 'outgribe', connected with the old verb to 'grike' or 'shrike', which derived 'shriek' and 'creak' and hence 'squeak'.[19]
• Rath: Humpty Dumpty says following the poem: "A 'rath' is a sort of green pig". Carroll's notes for the original in Mischmasch state that a 'Rath' is "a species of land turtle. Head erect, mouth like a shark, the front forelegs curved out so that the animal walked on its knees, smooth green body, lived on swallows and oysters."[19] In the 1951 animated film adaptation of the previous book, the raths are depicted as small, multi-coloured creatures with tufty hair, round eyes, and long legs resembling pipe stems.
• Slithy: Humpty Dumpty says: "'Slithy' means 'lithe and slimy'. 'Lithe' is the same as 'active'. You see it's like a portmanteau, there are two meanings packed up into one word."[18] The original in Mischmasch notes that 'slithy' means "smooth and active".[19] The i is long, as in writhe.
• Snicker-snack: possibly related to the large knife, the snickersnee.[22]
• Tove: Humpty Dumpty says "'Toves' are something like badgers, they're something like lizards, and they're something like corkscrews. ... Also they make their nests under sun-dials, also they live on cheese."[18] Pronounced so as to rhyme with groves.[21] They "gyre and gimble", i.e., rotate and bore. Toves are described slightly differently in Mischmasch: "a species of Badger [which] had smooth white hair, long hind legs, and short horns like a stag [and] lived chiefly on cheese".[19]
• Tulgey: Carroll himself said he could give no source for this word. It could be taken to mean thick, dense, dark. It has been suggested that it comes from the Anglo-Cornish word tulgu, 'darkness', which in turn comes from the Cornish language tewolgow 'darkness, gloominess'.[27]
• Uffish: Carroll noted, "It seemed to suggest a state of mind when the voice is gruffish, the manner roughish, and the temper huffish".[22][23]
• Vorpal: Carroll said he could not explain this word, though it has been noted that it can be formed by taking letters alternately from "verbal" and "gospel".[28]
• Wabe: The characters in the poem suggest it means "The grass plot around a sundial", called a 'wa-be' because it "goes a long way before it, and a long way behind it".[18] In the original Mischmasch text, Carroll states a 'wabe' is "the side of a hill (from its being soaked by rain)".[19]

Linguistics and poetics

Humpty Dumpty who explains to Alice the definitions of some of the words in "Jabberwocky". Illustration by John Tenniel, 1871

Though the poem contains many nonsensical words, English syntax and poetic forms are observed, such as the quatrain verses, the general ABAB rhyme scheme and the iambic meter.[29] Linguist Peter Lucas believes the "nonsense" term is inaccurate. The poem relies on a distortion of sense rather than "non-sense", allowing the reader to infer meaning and therefore engage with narrative while lexical allusions swim under the surface of the poem.[10][30]

Marnie Parsons describes the work as a "semiotic catastrophe", arguing that the words create a discernible narrative within the structure of the poem, though the reader cannot know what they symbolise. She argues that Humpty tries, after the recitation, to "ground" the unruly multiplicities of meaning with definitions, but cannot succeed as both the book and the poem are playgrounds for the "carnivalised aspect of language". Parsons suggests that this is mirrored in the prosody of the poem: in the tussle between the tetrameter in the first three lines of each stanza and trimeter in the last lines, such that one undercuts the other and we are left off balance, like the poem's hero.[17]

Carroll wrote many poem parodies such as "Twinkle, twinkle little bat", "You Are Old, Father William" and "How Doth the Little Crocodile?" Some have become generally better known than the originals on which they are based, and this is certainly the case with "Jabberwocky".[10] The poems' successes do not rely on any recognition or association of the poems that they parody. Lucas suggests that the original poems provide a strong container but Carroll's works are famous precisely because of their random, surreal quality.[10] Carroll's grave playfulness has been compared with that of the poet Edward Lear; there are also parallels with the work of Gerard Manley Hopkins in the frequent use of soundplay, alliteration, created-language and portmanteau. Both writers were Carroll's contemporaries.[17]

Translations

John Tenniel’s illustration for the poem.

History

"Jabberwocky" has been translated into numerous languages,[31] as the novel has been translated into 65 languages.[32] The translation might be difficult because the poem holds to English syntax and many of the principal words of the poem are invented. Translators have generally dealt with them by creating equivalent words of their own. Often these are similar in spelling or sound to Carroll's while respecting the morphology of the language they are being translated into. In Frank L. Warrin's French translation, "'Twas brillig" becomes "Il brilgue". In instances like this, both the original and the invented words echo actual words of Carroll's lexicon, but not necessarily ones with similar meanings. Translators have invented words which draw on root words with meanings similar to the English roots used by Carroll. Douglas Hofstadter noted in his essay "Translations of Jabberwocky", the word 'slithy', for example, echoes the English 'slimy', 'slither', 'slippery', 'lithe' and 'sly'. A French translation that uses 'lubricilleux' for 'slithy', evokes French words like 'lubrifier' (to lubricate) to give an impression of a meaning similar to that of Carroll's word. In his exploration of the translation challenge, Hofstadter asks "what if a word does exist, but it is very intellectual-sounding and Latinate ('lubricilleux'), rather than earthy and Anglo-Saxon ('slithy')? Perhaps 'huilasse' would be better than 'lubricilleux'? Or does the Latin origin of the word 'lubricilleux' not make itself felt to a speaker of French in the way that it would if it were an English word ('lubricilious', perhaps)? ".[33]

Hofstadter also notes that it makes a great difference whether the poem is translated in isolation or as part of a translation of the novel. In the latter case the translator must, through Humpty Dumpty, supply explanations of the invented words. But, he suggests, "even in this pathologically difficult case of translation, there seems to be some rough equivalence obtainable, a kind of rough isomorphism, partly global, partly local, between the brains of all the readers".[33]

In 1967, D.G. Orlovskaya wrote a popular Russian translation of "Jabberwocky" entitled "Barmaglot" ("Бармаглот"). She translated "Barmaglot" for "Jabberwock", "Brandashmyg" for "Bandersnatch" while "myumsiki" ("мюмзики") echoes "mimsy". Full translations of "Jabberwocky" into French and German can be found in The Annotated Alice along with a discussion of why some translation decisions were made.[34] Chao Yuen Ren, a Chinese linguist, translated the poem into Chinese[35] by inventing characters to imitate what Rob Gifford of National Public Radio refers to as the "slithy toves that gyred and gimbled in the wabe of Carroll's original".[36] Satyajit Ray, a film-maker, translated the work into Bengali[37] and concrete poet Augusto de Campos created a Brazilian Portuguese version. There is also an Arabic translation[38] by Wael Al-Mahdi, and at least two into Croatian language.[39] Multiple translations into Latin were made within the first weeks of Carroll's original publication.[40] In a 1964 article, M. L. West published two versions of the poem in Ancient Greek that exemplify the respective styles of the epic poets Homer and Nonnus.[41]

Sample translations

Sources:[42][43][44]

Bulgarian (Lazar Goldman & Stefan Gechev)	Danish 1 (Mogens Jermiin Nissen) Jabberwocky	Danish 2 (Arne Herløv Petersen) Kloppervok
Бе сгладне и честлинните комбурси търляха се и сврецваха във плите; съвсем окласни бяха тук щурпите и отма равапсатваха прасурси.	Et slidigt gravben vridrede i brumringen på tidvis plent, og lappingen var vaklig, og det borte grøfgrin grent.	I glummert lys den slyge spæg stod gomrende og glim. I børkens dyb stod mamren fjæg og bungrede i skim.
Esperanto (Marjorie Boulton) La Ĵargonbesto	Turkish (Nihal Yeğinobalı) Ejdercenkname	Finnish 1 (Kirsi Kunnas & Eeva-Liisa Manner, 1974) Pekoraali
Brilumis, kaj la ŝlirtaj melfoj en la iejo ĝiris, ŝraŭis; mizaris la maldikdudelfoj, forfuraj ratjoj vaŭis.	akşamözdü, yavışkan burguleler döndeleyip cermelerken günsatba uyudüşmüş kalmışlardı karpüsler yemizler derseniz ak-ök begirba	On illanpaisto, ja silkavat saijat luopoissa pirkeinä myörien ponkii: surheisna kaikk' kirjuvat lorokaijat ja vossut lonkaloisistansa ulos vonkii.
Finnish 2 (Matti Rosvall, 1999) Jabberwocky[45]	Finnish 3 (Alice Martin, 2010) Monkerias	French (Frank L. Warrin)
Kyryissä mäiden myryt parvat ripoen kormivat pällyissään. Vilhujen borogrovien karvat talsoivat — ne niin sällyissään.	Jo koitti kuumon aika, ja viukkaat puhvenet päinillä harpitellen kieruloivat, haipeloina seisoksivat varakuhvenet, ja öksyt muvut kaikki hinkuroivat.	Il brilgue: les tôves lubricilleux Se gyrent en vrillant dans le guave. Enmîmés sont les gougebosqueux Et le mômerade horsgrave.
Georgian (Giorgi Gokieli) ტარტალოკი	German (Robert Scott)	Hebrew 1 (Aharon Amir) פִּטְעוֹנִי
მიმწუხარშდა. მოქნიალა სლუკები ზილობდნენ და ძვრიალებდნენ მარეხვში; საბუდავად ცხოვდნენ ბარდალუკები, ვით ფშუნები სურდაბილის გარეშე.	Es brillig war. Die schlichten Toven Wirrten und wimmelten in Waben; Und aller-mümsige Burggoven Die mohmen Räth' ausgraben.	בְעֵת בָשָק וּשְלֵי פַחְזָר, בּאַפְסֵי חָק סָבְסוּ, מָקְדוּ, אוֹ אָז חִלְכֵן הָיָה נִמְזַר, וּמְתֵי עָרָן כּרְדוּ.
Hebrew 2 (Rina Litvin) גֶּבֶרִיקָא	Icelandic (Valdimar Briem) Rausuvokkskviða	Irish (Nicholas Williams) An Gheabairleog
הִבְרִיל כְבָר, זַחְלָצִים קְלִיחִים חָגְווּ וְעָגוּ בַשְבִילֵל, מַסִים הָיוּ הַסְמַרְלַחִים וְחֶזְרוֹנִי צִרְלֵל.	Það leið að stekju, og slýgir greðlar sig snældu og böluðu um slöffruna, og angurvært sungu sópfiðrungar við sífgelt týðmana svíræna.	Briollaic a bhí ann; bhí na tóibhí sleo ag gírleáil ’s ag gimleáil ar an taof. B’an-chuama go deo na borragóibh is bhí na rádaí miseacha ag braíomh.
Italian (Adriana Crespi) Il ciarlestrone	Latin (Hassard H. Dodgson) Gaberbocchus	Polish (Janusz Korwin-Mikke) Żabrołak
Era brillosto, e gli alacridi tossi succhiellavano scabbi nel pantúle: Méstili eran tutti i paparossi, e strombavan musando i tartarocchi.	Hora aderat briligi. Nunc et Slythia Tova Plurima gyrabant gymbolitare vabo; Et Borogovorum mimzebant undique formae, Momiferique omnes exgrabure Rathi.	Błyszniało – szlisgich hopuch świr Tęczując w kałdach świtrzem wre, Mizgłupny był borolągw hyr, Chrząszczury wlizły młe.[46]
Russian (Dina Orlovskaya)	Spanish 1 (Ulalume González de León) El Jabberwocky	Spanish 2 (Adolfo de Alba) El Jabberwocky
Варкалось. Хливкие шорьки Пырялись по наве, И хрюкотали зелюки, Как мюмзики в мове.	Era la parrillhora y los flexiosos tovos en el cesplejos giroscopiaban, vibrhoradaban. Frivoserables estaban los borogovos y los verchinos telehogariados relinchiflaban.	Era la asarvesperia y los flexilimosos toves giroscopiaban taledrando en el vade; debilmiseros estaban los borogoves; bramatchisilban los verdilechos parde.
Spanish 3 (Ramón Buckley, 1984) El Fablistanón	Welsh (Selyf Roberts) Siaberwoci	American Sign Language (ASL) (Eric Malzkuhn, 1939)
Borgotaba. Los viscoleantes toves rijando en la solea, tadralaban... Misébiles estaban los borgoves y algo momios los verdos bratchilbaban	Mae'n brydgell ac mae'r brochgim stwd Yn gimblo a gyrian yn y mhello: Pob cólomrws yn féddabwd, A'r hoch oma'n chwibruo.	Due to no written language in ASL, view video to see translation of Jabberwocky. (Performed in 1994) See this link for explanation of techniques used by Eric Malzkuhn|}

Reception

According to Chesterton and Green and others, the original purpose of "Jabberwocky" was to satirise both pretentious verse and ignorant literary critics. It was designed as verse showing how not to write verse, but eventually became the subject of pedestrian translation or explanation and incorporated into classroom learning.[47] It has also been interpreted as a parody of contemporary Oxford scholarship and specifically the story of how Benjamin Jowett, the notoriously agnostic Professor of Greek at Oxford, and Master of Balliol, came to sign the Thirty-Nine Articles, as an Anglican statement of faith, to save his job.[48] The transformation of audience perception from satire to seriousness was in a large part predicted by G. K. Chesterton, who wrote in 1932, "Poor, poor, little Alice! She has not only been caught and made to do lessons; she has been forced to inflict lessons on others."[49]

It is often now cited as one of the greatest nonsense poems written in the English language,[2][3] the source for countless parodies and tributes. In most cases the writers have changed the nonsense words into words relating to the parodied subject, as in Frank Jacobs's "If Lewis Carroll Were a Hollywood Press Agent in the Thirties" in Mad for Better or Verse.[50] Other writers use the poem as a form, much like a sonnet, and create their own words for it as in "Strunklemiss" by Shay K. Azoulay[51] or the poem "Oh Freddled Gruntbuggly" recited by Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz in Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a 1979 book which contains numerous other references and homages to Carroll's work.[52]

Oh freddled gruntbuggly thy micturations are to me
As plurdled gabbleblotchits on a lurgid bee.
Groop I implore thee my foonting turlingdromes
And hooptiously drangle me with crinkly bindlewurdles,
Or I will rend thee in the gobberwarts with my
blurglecruncheon, see if I don't![52][53]

Some of the words that Carroll created, such as "chortled" and "galumphing", have entered the English language and are listed in the Oxford English Dictionary. The word "jabberwocky" itself has come to refer to nonsense language.

In American Sign Language, Eric Malzkuhn invented the sign for "chortled" and it subsequently, and unintentionally, caught on and became a part of American Sign Language's lexicon as well.[54]

Music, film and video games

A song called "Beware the Jabberwock" was written for Disney's Alice in Wonderland, however it was discarded, replaced with "'Twas Brillig", sung by the Cheshire Cat, that includes the first stanza of "Jabberwocky".

The British group Boeing Duveen and The Beautiful Soup released a single (1968) called "Jabberwock" based on the poem.[55]

The poem was a source of inspiration for Jan Švankmajer's 1971 short film Jabberwocky, and Terry Gilliam's 1977 film of the same name. In 1972, the American composer Sam Pottle put the poem to music. [56] The stage musical Jabberwocky (1973) by Andrew Kay, Malcolm Middleton and Peter Phillips, follows the basic plot of the poem.[57][58]

"The Jabberwocky" (rather than "The Jabberwock") is a central character in Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland (2010), voiced by Christopher Lee. An abridged version of the poem is spoken by the Mad Hatter (played by Johnny Depp).[59][60]

Singer and songwriter Donovan put the poem to music on his album HMS Donovan (1971).

The Shudderwock in the game Hearthstone is inspired by the poem and the original illustration for the Jabberwock.[61]

In 1980, The Muppet Show staged a full version of "Jabberwocky" for TV viewing, with the Jabberwock and other creatures played by Muppets closely based on Tenniel's original illustrations. According to Jaques and Giddens, it distinguished itself by stressing the humor and nonsense of the poem.[62]

See also

• Works based on Alice in Wonderland
• Translations of Through the Looking-Glass

References

Footnotes

1. Carroll, Lewis (2010) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass pp 64–65 Createspace ltd ISBN 1-4505-7761-X
2. Gardner, Martin (1999). The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Company. Few would dispute that Jabberwocky is the greatest of all nonsense poems in English.
3. Rundus, Raymond J. (October 1967). ""O Frabjous Day!": Introducing Poetry". The English Journal. National Council of Teachers of English. 56 (7): 958–963. doi:10.2307/812632. JSTOR 812632.
4. "Lewis Carroll juvenilia: 'Stanza of Anglo-Saxon Poetry' - The British Library". Bl.uk. 16 April 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
5. A Town Like Alice's (1997) Michael Bute Heritage Publications, Sunderland
6. Alice in Sunderland (2007) Brian Talbot Dark Horse publications.
7. "Vikings and the Jabberwock: Croft, Sockburn and Sadberge". Retrieved 7 July 2017.
8. "The World Turned Upside Down (18th century)". The Public Domain Review. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
9. Carpenter (1985), 55–56
10. "Jabberwocky back to Old English: Nonsense, Anglo-Saxon and Oxford" by Lucas, Peter J. in Language History and Linguistic Modelling (1997) p503-520 ISBN 978-3-11-014504-5
11. Hudson, Derek (1977) Lewis Carroll: an illustrated biography. Crown Publishers, 76
12. Ronald Reichertz (2000). The Making of the Alice Books: Lewis Carroll's Uses of Earlier Children's Literature. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-7735-2081-3.
13. Martin Gardner (2000) The Annotated Alice. New York: Norton p 154, n. 42.
14. ""Hamlet and Jabberwocky" Essays by Sean Palmer 21 Aug 2005". Inamidst.com. 21 August 2005. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
15. Carroll makes later reference to the same lines from Hamlet Act I, Scene i in the 1869 poem "Phantasmagoria". He wrote: "Shakspeare [sic] I think it is who treats/Of Ghosts, in days of old,/Who 'gibbered in the Roman streets".
16. Prickett, Stephen (2005) Victorian Fantasy Baylor University Press p80 ISBN 1-932792-30-9
17. Parsons, Marnie (1994) Touch monkeys: nonsense strategies for reading twentieth-century poetry, pp. 67–73. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-2983-3
18. Carroll, Lewis (1998) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass pp 198–199 Wordsworth Editions ISBN 1-85326-897-6
19. Carroll, Lewis (Author), Tenniel, John (2003). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass, pp. 328–331. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-143976-9
20. Carroll, Lewis (2005) Through the Looking Glass. Hayes Barton Press p. 4
21. Lewis Carroll (2006) [1876]. The Annotated Hunting of the Snark. edited with notes by Martin Gardner, illustrations by Henry Holiday and others, introduction by Adam Gopnik ("Definitive Edition" ed.). W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-06242-2.
22. Carroll, Lewis (2009) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass "Explanatory notes"; Editor: Hunt, Peter. OUP Oxford. p. 283. ISBN 0-19-955829-9 References the Oxford English Dictionary (1530).
23. Lewis Carroll, Letter to Maud Standen, December 1877
24. The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories (1991) Merriam Webster p247 ISBN 0-87779-603-3
25. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland; And, Through the Looking-glass and what Alice Found There (1998) Lewis Carroll, Roger Lancelyn Green, John Tenniel Oxford University Press p269 ISBN 978-0-19-283374-7
26. From the preface to Through the Looking-Glass.
27. George, Ken. An Gerlyver Meur, Cornish-English, English-Cornish Dictionary. Cornish Language Board, 2009. Part One, Cornish-English, p. 624.
28. Gardner, Martin, ed. (1971) [1960]. The Annotated Alice. New York: The World Publishing Company. pp. 195–196.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
29. Gross and McDowell (1996). Sound and form in modern poetry, p. 15. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06517-3
30. For a full linguistic and phonetic analysis of the poem see the article "Jabberwocky back to Old English: Nonsense, Anglo-Saxon and Oxford" by Lucas, Peter J. in Language History and Linguistic Modelling, pp. 503–520. 1997. ISBN 3-11-014504-9
31. Lim, Keith. "Jabberwocky Variations: Translations". 76.pair.com. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
32. Lindseth, Jon A. – Tannenbaum, Alan (eds.): Alice in a World of Wonderlands: The Translations of Lewis Carroll’s Masterpiece, vol. I, p. 747. New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2015. ISBN 978-1-58456-331-0.
33. Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1980). "Translations of Jabberwocky". Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. New York, NY: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-394-74502-7.
34. M. Gardner, ed., The Annotated Alice, 1960; London: Penguin 1970, p. 193f.
35. Chao, Yuen Ren (1969). "Dimensions of Fidelity in Translation With Special Reference to Chinese". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Harvard-Yenching Institute. 29: 109–130. doi:10.2307/2718830. JSTOR 2718830.
36. Gifford, Rob. "The Great Wall of the Mind." China Road. Random House. 2008. 237.
37. Robinson, Andrew (2004) Satyajit Ray. I.B. Tauris p29
38. Wael Al-Mahdi (2010) Jabberwocky in Arabic
39. "Priča o Hudodraku, Karazubu i Jabberwockyju" (in Croatian). Kulturtreger / KK Booksa. 24 September 2011.
40. Vansittart, Augustus Arthur (1872). Zaroff, Ruth Ann (ed.). "Mors Iabrochii". Jabberwocky (in Latin). London.
41. M. L. West, "Two Versions of Jabberwocky", Greece & Rome Vol. 11 No. 2, October 1964, pp. 185-187.
42. "Jabberwocky Variations". waxdog.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
43. "jabberwocky/translations". 76.pair.com. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
44. Carrol, Lewis (1984). Alice's Adventures in Wonderland & Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice found there [Las Aventuras de Alicia] (in Spanish). Translated by Buckley, Ramón. Anaya. ISBN 84-7525-171-4.
45. This rendering comes from Rosvall’s Finnish translation of Frederic Brown’s novel Night of the Jabberwock (Syntipukin yö).
46. "jabberwocky". home.agh.edu.pl. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
47. Green, Roger Lancelyn (1970) The Lewis Carroll Handbook, "Jabberwocky, and other parodies" : Dawson of Pall Mall, London
48. Prickett, Stephen (2005) Victorian Fantasy Baylor University Press p113 ISBN 1-932792-30-9
49. Chesterton, G. K (1953) "Lewis Carroll" in A Handful of Authors, ed. Dorothy Collins, Sheed and Ward, London
50. Jacobs, Frank (1968) Mad, for better or verse N.A.L
51. "Strunklemiss". smylesandfish.com.
52. Robert McFarlane. ""Lewis Carroll in cyberspace" Guardian 12 August 2001". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
53. "Oh Freddled Gruntbuggly" by Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz. In Adams, Douglas (1988) Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Pocket Books p65 ISBN 0-671-74606-5
54. "Eric Malzkuhn – March 2016 - Sorenson VRS". www.sorensonvrs.com.
55. "Boeing Duveen And The Beautiful Soup". Discogs.
56. "Jabberwocky Sam Pottle". sheetmusicplus.com.
57. National Library of Australia. "Catalogue entry". Canberra, ACT. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
58. Music Australia. "Catalogue entry". Sydney, NSW. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
59. "Review: Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland - Bryan Young". The Huffington Post.
60. Alice In Wonderland Archived 14 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, profile, Sainsbury's entertainment
61. Hearthstone
62. Jaques, Zoe; Giddens, Eugene (6 May 2016). Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass: A publishing History. Routledge. p. 207.

Sources

• Carpenter, Humphrey (1985). Secret Gardens: The Golden Age of Children's Literature. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-35293-2

Further reading

• Alakay-Gut, Karen. "Carroll's Jabberwocky". Explicator, Fall 1987. Volume 46, issue 1.
• Borchers, Melanie. "A Linguistic Analysis of Lewis Carroll's Poem 'Jabberwocky'". The Carrollian: The Lewis Carroll Journal. Autumn 2009, No. 24, pp. 3–46. ISSN 1462-6519.
• Dolitsky, Marlene (1984). Under the tumtum tree: from nonsense to sense, a study in nonautomatic comprehension. J. Benjamins Pub. Co. Amsterdam, Philadelphia
• Gardner, Martin (1999). The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition. New York: W .W. Norton and Company.
• Green, Roger Lancelyn (1970). The Lewis Carroll Handbook, "Jabberwocky, and other parodies" : Dawson of Pall Mall, London
• Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1980). "Translations of Jabberwocky". Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-394-74502-7.
• Lucas, Peter J. (1997). "Jabberwocky back to Old English: Nonsense, Anglo-Saxon and Oxford" in Language History and Linguistic Modelling. ISBN 978-3-11-014504-5.
• Richards, Fran. "The Poetic Structure of Jabberwocky". Jabberwocky: The Journal of the Lewis Carroll Society. 8:1 (1978/79):16–19.

External links

• Jabberwocky public domain audiobook at LibriVox
• Essay: "Translations of Jabberwocky". Douglas R. Hofstadter, 1980 from Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid ISBN 0-394-74502-7, Vintage Books, New York
• BBC Video (2 mins), "Jabberwocky" read by English actor Brian Blessed
• Poetry Foundation Biography of Lewis Carroll
• The Lewis Carroll Journal published by The Lewis Carroll Society.
• Jabberwocky by composer Sam Pottle