Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act

The Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act (FACE or the Access Act, Pub. L. No. 103-259, 108 Stat. 694) (May 26, 1994, 18 U.S.C. § 248) is a United States law that was signed by President Bill Clinton in May 1994, which prohibits the following three things: (1) the use of physical force, threat of physical force, or physical obstruction to intentionally injure, intimidate, interfere with or attempt to injure, intimidate or interfere with any person who is obtaining reproductive health services or providing reproductive health services (this portion of the law typically refers to abortion clinics), (2) the use of physical force, threat of physical force, or physical obstruction to intentionally injure, intimidate, interfere with or attempt to injure, intimidate or interfere with any person who is exercising or trying to exercise their First Amendment right of religious freedom at a place of religious worship, (3) the intentional damage or destruction of a reproductive health care facility or a place of worship.[1][2]

Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act
Long titleFreedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act of 1994
Acronyms (colloquial)FACE
Enacted bythe 103rd United States Congress
EffectiveMay 26, 1994
Citations
Statutes at Large108 Stat. 694
Codification
Titles amended18
U.S.C. sections created248
Legislative history
  • Introduced in the Senate as S.636 by Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-MA) on March 23, 1993
  • Passed the Senate on November 16, 1993 (69-30)
  • Passed the House of Representatives on March 17, 1994 (237-169)
  • Reported by the joint conference committee on May 2, 1994; agreed to by the House of Representatives on May 5, 1994 (241-174) and by the Senate on May 12, 1994 (69-30)
  • Signed into law by President Bill Clinton on May 26, 1994

Actions prohibited and not prohibited

Prohibited

The following behaviors have especially to do with reproductive health care clinics but can also be applied to places of worship[3][4]

  • Blocking a person’s access to the entrance of a facility
  • Impairing cars from entering and/or exiting a facility
  • Physically stopping people as they are trying to walk toward an entrance or through a parking lot
  • Making it difficult or dangerous to get in and/or out of a facility
  • Trespassing on the property of a facility
  • Committing any act of violence on a clinic employee, escort or patient
  • Vandalism
  • Threats of violence
  • Stalking a clinic employee or reproductive health care provider
  • Arson or threats of arson
  • Bombings or bomb threats

Not prohibited

The following behaviors are not prohibited because they are protected under the First Amendment right to free speech:[3][4]

  • Protesting outside of clinics
  • Distributing literature
  • Carrying signs
  • Shouting (as long as no threats are made)
  • Singing hymns

Definitions

Many of the words used in the official text of the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act are subject to different interpretations. For this reason the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice provided formal definitions for these terms:[1][3][4]

  1. Facility—The term "facility" includes a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility that provides reproductive health services, and includes the building or structure in which the facility is located.
  2. Interfere with—The term "interfere with" means to restrict a person's freedom of movement.
  3. Intimidate—The term "intimidate" means to place a person in reasonable apprehension of bodily harm to him- or herself or to another.
  4. Physical obstruction—The term "physical obstruction" means rendering impassable entrance to or exit from a facility that provides reproductive health services or to or from a place of religious worship, or rendering passage to or from such a facility or place of religious worship unreasonably difficult or hazardous.
  5. Reproductive health services—The term "reproductive health services" means reproductive health services provided in a hospital, clinic, physician's office, or other facility, and includes medical, surgical, counseling or referral services relating to the human reproductive system, including services relating to pregnancy or the termination of a pregnancy.

Rationale for the Act

The Act was passed in direct response to the escalation of violent tactics used by anti-abortion activists as well as escalating protest culminated in the "Spring of Life" at Buffalo Abortion Clinics, on April 1992[5].

Between the years 1978 and 1993, the number of violent crimes committed against reproductive health care providers, reproductive health care facilities and abortion clinics were steadily on the rise. According to statistics gathered by the National Abortion Federation (NAF), an organization of abortion providers, since 1977 in the United States and Canada, there have been at least 9 murders, 17 attempted murders, 406 death threats, 179 incidents of assault or battery, and 5 kidnappings committed against abortion providers. In addition, since 1977 in the United States and Canada, property crimes committed against abortion providers have included 41 bombings, 175 arsons, 96 attempted bombings or arsons, 692 bomb threats, 1993 incidents of trespassing, 1400 incidents of vandalism, and 100 attacks with butyric acid ("stink bombs").[6] One anti-abortion group known as the Army of God, was especially active in committing these violent crimes. This group alone was responsible for bombing and setting fire to over one hundred clinics before 1994. They also invaded more than three hundred clinics and vandalized more than four hundred[7] In 1993, officials found the Army of God Manual, a tactical guide to arson, chemical attacks, invasions and bombing,[8] buried in the backyard of Shelly Shannon’s home. Shelly Shannon was soon found guilty of the attempted murder of Dr. George Tiller that same year.[9] In addition to committing acts of violence, many anti-abortion activists were known to stalk medical personnel and use their photographs on "Wanted for Murder" posters.[7] This on-going violence reached its peak in March 1993 when Dr. David Gunn, a physician whose medical practice included abortion procedures, was shot and killed by Michael F. Griffin outside of the Pensacola Women's Medical Services clinic located in Pensacola, Florida[7] This increase in violence had become very burdensome to local law enforcement. The Senate decided that such unlawful conduct was interfering with the constitutional right of women to receive reproductive health care services (abortion in particular), which has been guaranteed since the Supreme Court ruling of Roe v. Wade in 1973.[10][11]

On April 1992, thousands of "prayer warriors" and pro-life protesters met at the entrances of Buffalo Abortion Clinics for a planned month of picketing and blockades, trying to dissuade women from broking their pregnancies[12]. After seven days of protests, involving the Operation Rescue, almost 341 persons were arrested[5][13].

Penalties for violation

The criminal penalties for violating FACE vary according to the severity of the offense and the defendant's prior record of similar violations. Typically, a first time offender is sentenced to at most one year in prison and fined at most $100,000. For a second violation, the violator may be imprisoned for at most three years and fined at most $250,000. These are maximum sentences; lesser penalties are permitted at the judge's discretion.[14]

If the offense causes injury to a person, the maximum sentence is 10 years, regardless of whether or not it is a first offense.

Effectiveness of the Act

According to statistics gathered by the National Abortion Federation (NAF), incidents of the more disastrous forms of violence (such as murder, attempted murder, bombing and arson) have greatly decreased since 1994, the year the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances act was put on the books.[6] The Clinton administration prosecuted 17 defendants for violations of the F.A.C.E. act in 1997 alone and prosecuted an average of about 10 defendants per year since the law was enacted.[15] The George W. Bush administration, however, only prosecuted about two defendants per year for violations of the F.A.C.E. act. According to Cathleen Mahoney, Executive Vice President of the National Abortion Federation and former attorney for the Justice Department, "The amount of [violent] activity really did drop a lot after FACE was enacted and it was beginning to be enforced".[16]

Judicial Review

Following passage of the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, Massachusetts followed suit by passing an analogous state law, Reproductive Health Care Facilities Act. That state law was challenged in Federal Court and ultimately struck down in McCullen v. Coakley. However, the decision was narrowly tailored so as not to strike down the F.A.C.E Act and other state level laws.[17]

gollark: e.g. if you have some JS code, and you see that the author used ```javascriptfunction deployBee(){}```brackets and not```javascriptfunction deployBee() {}```ones, you need to know a bit about what JS code normally looks like to infer anything like that.
gollark: I don't think so. Things like variable names and formatting are *fairly* obvious, although you may need to read a decent sample of code in language X to learn what people generally do there regarding those, but stuff like what constructs are generally used for tasks in language X are not.
gollark: Wait, he said it *wasn't* good, oh dear.
gollark: I just implemented bubble sort, since I heard Obama saying it was good.
gollark: But working out things like "how is this styled" and "is this done idiomatically by someone who knows the language well" can require even deeper knowledge than just working out the algorithm.

References
  1. United States. Freedom of Access to Clinics Entrances (FACE) Act – Statute. , Web. November 21, 2009. <"Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 1, 2009. Retrieved November 23, 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)>.
  2. U.S. Code Collection." Cornell University Law School, Web. November 23, 2009. <https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/248->.
  3. "Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act." 2009. National Abortion Federation, Web. November 6, 2009. <http://www.prochoice.org/about_abortion/violence/FACE_act.html Archived January 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine>.
  4. "Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act (FACE) FAQ". FAQ. Archived from the original on October 19, 2009. Retrieved November 23, 2009.
  5. Morgan Lyle (April 26, 1992). "Buffalo quiet on seventh day of 'Spring of Life". United Press International. Archived from the original on January 17, 2019.
  6. "NAF Violence and Disruption Statistics: Incidents of Violence & Disruption Against Abortion Providers in the U.S. & Canada." Apr 2009. National Abortion Federation, Web. November 22, 2009.
  7. "The Death of Dr. Gunn". New York Times. March 12, 1993. Archived from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
  8. "Army of God: The Perceived War and Holocaust" (PDF). 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
  9. Warner, Bill. "Bill Warner Private Investigator Sarasota Fl to Panama City, Male & Female Detectives ." Dr. George Tiller Murdered by Army of God (AOG) Member, Shooting Suspect Scott P. Roeder Identified By Sheriff, AOG Alive And Well in Wichita Kansas.. Bill Warner Private Investigator, May 31, 2009. Web. November 22, 2009. <http://www.billwarnerpi.com/2009/05/dr-george-tiller-murdered-by-army-of.html Archived July 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine>.
  10. Deflem, Mathieu, and Brian Hudak. "Freedom of Access to Clinics Entrances Act (FACE)." Archived September 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Encyclopedia of American Civil Rights and Liberties. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006. Web.
  11. "About FACE: Using Legal Tools to Protect Abortion Providers, Clinics and Their Patients". Center for Reproductive Rights. November 5, 2009. Archived from the original on November 21, 2009.>.
  12. Mary B. W. Tabor (March 7, 1992). "Buffalo Braces for Renewal of Abortion Protests". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014.
  13. Catherine S. Manegold (April 23, 1992). "194 Arrested in Protests at Buffalo Abortion Clinics". New York Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014.
  14. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 19, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. Eviatar, Daphne. "Little-Enforced Law Opens Window for Suits Against Extremist Groups." June 3, 2009. The Washington Independent, Web. November 23, 2009. <"Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)>.
  16. Eviatar, Daphne (June 3, 2009). "Little-Enforced Law Opens Window for Suits Against Extremist Groups". The Washington Independent. The American Independent News Network. Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2012.
  17. McCullen v. Coakley. Archived March 14, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Harvard Law Review. 128 Harv. L. Rev. 221. Nov 10, 2014.
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