Fort Delaware State Park

Fort Delaware State Park is a 288-acre (117 ha) Delaware state park on Pea Patch Island in New Castle County, Delaware, in the United States. A fortress was built on Pea Patch Island by the United States Army in 1815, near the conclusion of the War of 1812, to protect the harbors of Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The fort was burned and rebuilt in the years prior to the American Civil War, and soon after the start of the war the fort was converted to a Prisoner of War camp. Fort Delaware continued to protect the mouth of the Delaware River through World War I and II. Pea Patch Island and Fort Delaware was declared surplus land by the United States Department of Defense in 1945.

Fort Delaware State Park
An aerial view of Fort Delaware State Park
Location of Fort Delaware State Park in Delaware
LocationNew Castle, Delaware, United States
Coordinates39°35′35″N 75°34′20″W
Area288 acres (117 ha)
Established1951
Named forFort Delaware
Governing bodyDelaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
WebsiteFort Delaware State Park
Fort Delaware, Delaware by Seth Eastman (1808-1875), painted 1870-1875

Fort Delaware State Park, one of the first state parks in Delaware, was established in 1951. The park, which can only be accessed by ferry, is open for historic programs at Fort Delaware. The fort is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In addition to historical preservation, Fort Delaware State Park is also open for picnicking and hiking.

Visitors to the park may reach it by ferry from Delaware City or Fort Mott State Park in New Jersey. Fort Delaware State Park is 0.5-mile (800 m) from Delaware City via the Forts Ferry Crossing. Passengers aboard the ferry are granted access to Fort Mott State Park.

History

Pea Patch Island emerged as a mud bank in the Delaware River in the 18th century. According to folklore, the island received its name after a ship full of peas ran aground on it, spilling its contents and leading to a growth of the plant on the island.[1] By 1814, the island had grown sufficiently large for the construction of Fort Delaware. The original wood structure was replaced by the current brick and concrete one in 1859.[2] During the American Civil War, Fort Delaware was used by the Union as a camp for Confederate prisoners, in particular those captured in 1863 at the Battle of Gettysburg.[2] Many of the prisoners who died at the fort are buried at nearby Finns Point National Cemetery in New Jersey.

After the release of the last of the remaining Civil War prisoners, only a small caretaker force was left behind at Fort Delaware, and it was largely abandoned in 1870.[2] By 1898, rising tensions between Spain and the United States led to Fort Delaware once again serving as a potential frontline in protecting the ports of the Delaware River. The United States Congress authorized the installation of three 16-inch (41 cm) guns at the south end of Pea Patch Island. The guns were installed in 1898, at the time of the Spanish–American War. A garrison was once again in place at Fort Delaware until 1903, when another small caretaker force was left. The fort was garrisoned once again in 1917, following the United States entry into World War I, but most troops left in 1919. Fort Delaware was manned again during World War II following the December 7, 1941 Attack of Pearl Harbor. The guns were removed in 1943, the fort was abandoned in 1944, and it was declared "surplus property" in 1945. Ownership of Pea Patch Island and Fort Delaware was transferred to the state of Delaware in 1947. Fort Delaware State Park was opened to the public in 1951.[2]

Historic interpretation

Fort Delaware State Park is a center of historic Civil War interpretation. Award winning reenactors provide a glimpse into the past of Pea Patch Island.[3] Visitors to the park may have the chance to watch a blacksmith at work, take part in the firing of a gunpowder charge of an 8-inch (20 cm) Columbiad gun or assist a laundress at work.[4]

A group of reenactors pays special attention to Captain George Ahl and his band of former confederate soldiers who formed the 1st Delaware Heavy Artillery. Captain Ahl obtained permission from the War Department to form a battery of Confederate prisoners who could prove they had been conscripted into the Confederate Army. Upon taking an oath of allegiance they were permitted to join the Federal Army. Volunteers have recreated Ahl's Battery at Fort Delaware State Park. They have assumed the identities of members of the battery. The reenactors give demonstrations of what life was like for the members of the 1st Delaware Heavy Artillery.[5]

The Fort Delaware State Park Gift Shop in Delaware City is the only Civil War gift shop in Delaware, and has a wide variety of books and souvenirs are available.[3] The Fort Delaware Society is a non-profit group dedicated to the preservation and historical interpretation of Fort Delaware.[6]

Wildlife

Fort Delaware State Park is home to a migratory bird rookery, considered to be the largest such habitat north of Florida.[1] Ornithologists believe that ibises, egrets, and herons began nesting on the northern part of Pea Patch Island in the 1950s or 1960s on land that was deposited there by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in the early 1900s. The population of birds at Fort Delaware State Park grew from about 2,000 pairs of nesting birds to 12,000 pairs as they were pushed from their nesting areas on the mainland by man. Scientists have become concerned about the decreasing population of birds on Pea Patch Island. The present estimate of nesting pairs stands at 7,000.[1] Studies have shown that nearly half the chicks born at the heronry within the last five years have died before they were old enough to leave their parents care.

Other than coastal erosion, scientist have found little at the park to threaten the herons, ibises, and egrets. It is believed that changing land-use in the estuary and surrounding land has affected the populations. Representatives from local, state and federal governments have teamed together with non-profit wildlife organizations, business, and industry to create a Special Area Management Plan to help change the downward trend in bird populations at Fort Delaware State Park. Since Beach erosion affecting Pea Patch Island was recognized as a potential threat to the Fort in 1999, the United States Army Corps of Engineers erected a 3,500 feet (1.1 km) seawall during the winter of 2005-2006.[7]

Nearby state parks

The following state parks are within 30 miles (48 km) of Fort Delaware State Park:

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References
Fort Delaware
  1. "Pea Patch Island Heronry Region". Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
  2. "Fort Delaware Timeline". Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Archived from the original on 2007-08-05. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
  3. "The Civil War Gift Shop". Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Archived from the original on 2007-07-23. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
  4. "Fort Delaware State Park". Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
  5. "Ahl's Heavy Artillery". Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Archived from the original on 2007-08-05. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
  6. "Fort Delaware Society". Fort Delaware Society. Retrieved December 31, 2018. The Fort Delaware Society is a 501(c)(3) non profit organization, chartered in 1950, and dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of historic Fort Delaware.
  7. Billington, Mike (2006-08-26). "Fort Delaware saved from watery fate". Delaware News-Journal. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
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