Ferenc Nagy

Ferenc Nagy (Hungarian: [ˈfɛrɛnt͡s ˈnɒɟ]; 8 October 1903 – 12 June 1979) was a Hungarian politician of the Smallholders Party who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1946 until his forced resignation in 1947. He was also a Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary and a member of the High National Council from 1945 to 1946. Nagy was the second democratically elected prime minister of Hungary, and would be the last until 1990 not to be a Communist or fellow traveler. The subsequent Hungarian prime minister Imre Nagy was unrelated to him.

For other people named Ferenc Nagy, see Ferenc Nagy (disambiguation).

Ferenc Nagy
40th Prime Minister of Hungary 1st Prime Minister of the Second Hungarian Republic
In office 4 February 1946 – 31 May 1947
President	Zoltán Tildy
Deputy	Mátyás Rákosi Árpád Szakasits
Preceded by	Zoltán Tildy
Succeeded by	Lajos Dinnyés
Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary
In office 29 November 1945 – 5 February 1946
Preceded by	Béla Zsedényi
Succeeded by	Béla Varga
Member of the High National Council
In office 7 December 1945 – 1 February 1946 Serving with Zoltán Tildy, László Rajk, and Béla Varga (to 8 January 1946)
Preceded by	Béla Miklós Béla Zsedényi Mátyás Rákosi
Succeeded by	Zoltán Tildy as President of the Republic
Personal details
Born	(1903-10-08)8 October 1903 Bisse, Austria-Hungary
Died	12 June 1979(1979-06-12) (aged 75) Herndon, Virginia, US
Nationality	Hungarian United States (from 1947)
Political party	Smallholders Party
Children	5

The native form of this personal name is Nagy Ferenc. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.

A longtime peasant advocate who took part in the anti-fascist resistance, Nagy attempted to consolidate democratic rule during his brief tenure as Prime Minister at the head of a grand coalition of Smallholders, Communists, and Social Democrats. However, he eventually was unable to resist the intrigues of the Soviet-backed Hungarian Communist Party, which was able to subvert his rule and ultimately force him out of office in a coup d'état at the hands its their leader Mátyás Rákosi. Subsequently, Nagy became a leader of Hungarian exiles in the United States and academic lecturer who often spoke on Eastern European affairs. He tried and failed to return to his home country during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and lived out the rest of his life in the United States.

Biography

Early life and career

Nagy was born into family of middle-level peasants in the small town of Bisse, and started his political career writing news articles as a self-taught man.[1] He was involved in local peasant societies and was the co-founder of the Peasant Union, and in October 1930 he took part in the foundation of the Independent Smallholders' Party. He entered Parliament in 1939, and was involved in anti-war and and-Nazi activities during Hungary's participation in World War II on the side of the Axis powers. After the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944, the Gestapo arrested Nagy, but the government of Géza Lakatos intervened to release him during Hungary's botched armistice with the Allies. After the Arrow Cross coup in October, Nagy went into hiding until the Red Army had driven the Nazis out of most of Hungary. He took part in the organization of the anti-fascist provisional government, and was elected to the Provisional National Assembly. Nagy soon became the Smallholders' Party's second-in-command after Zoltán Tildy. In the November 1945 parliamentary elections, the Independent Smallholders' Party won a large majority of the popular vote and parliamentary seats, but pressure from the Soviet-dominated Allied Commission forced them into a coalition arrangement with the Communists and Social Democrats. Nagy was named speaker of the new parliament while Tildy became the new Prime Minister, and both became members of the High National Council which served as Hungary's provisional collective head of state. After Hungary's transformation into a republic in February 1946 and Tildy's subsequent elevation to President of Hungary, Nagy became the new premier.[2][3]

Premiership

As prime minister, he resisted attempts by the Hungarian Communist Party to gain complete control of the government, favoring a parliamentary democracy over both the prewar aristocratic order and the Communists' intended dictatorship of the proletariat.[4] Inheriting a war-ravaged country, his government oversaw the beginnings of reconstruction, including solving a world-record rate of hyperinflation by replacing the Hungarian pengő with the forint in August 1946.[5] This was done with the help of the United States, when in June 1946 President Harry Truman had agreed with Prime Minister Nagy to return gold reserves captured by the US at the end of the war, without which stabilization would have been impossible. [6] His government also signed the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947, formally ending Hungary's involvement in World War II and renouncing all territorial gains in that war, as well as agreeing to pay reparations to the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. His government also signed a population exchange agreement with Czechoslovakia, allowing the latter to expel as many ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia as Slovaks in Hungary applied for resettlement in Czechoslovakia. Less than 80,000 Hungarian Slovaks ultimately did so, foiling the plans of Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš to deport his country's ethnic Hungarian minority as was done to its ethnic Germans.[7]

At the same time, the Communist Party and their fellow-travelers soon began to deploy "salami tactics" against the Smallholders' Party, hoping to deprive it of its parliamentary majority, and began demanding the ouster of its most outspoken anti-Communist elements. This began in March 1946 with the formation of a "Left Bloc" including the Communists, Social Democrats, and National Peasant Party, opposed to the majority Smallholders on almost every issue and intending to create political deadlock to force its own agenda. Its first demand was the expulsion of 20 "reactionaries" from the Smallholders' parliamentary group, diminishing their majority. The expelled parliamentarians then formed the Hungarian Freedom Party, which became the country's most vocal anti-Communist opposition force. Nagy was accused by many fellow Smallholders of weakness in resisting these demands, but his ultimate goal was to appease the Communists until a peace treaty could be negotiated and their Soviet sponsors withdrew. He also hoped that by appeasing the Communists, the Hungarian government could use their leverage with Moscow to gain more favorable terms for the peace treaty. This was despite the plainly anti-Hungarian position of the Soviet Politburo, which ended up backing none of Hungary's peace treaty demands and in fact ruled out doing so. Ultimately, the Communist Party's position served as little more than a ploy to increase its own influence. [8]

Coup d'état of 1947

From early 1947 the Communist Party under then-Deputy Premier Mátyás Rákosi increased its attacks on the Smallholders, accusing their leaders of complicity in a vast alleged conspiracy. They used this as an excuse to begin forcing the arrest and recall of over 50 of its MPs, successfully depriving the party of its democratically won majority.[9] The Soviet Union, whose army was occupying Hungary at the time through the Allied Commission, played a key role this process by providing the supposed evidence of the Prime Minister's involvement, and also kidnapped Béla Kovács—the Smallholders' Party's popular General Secretary—to deport him to the Soviet Union in defiance of Parliament.[10][11] On 14 May 1947, Nagy traveled abroad to Switzerland, likely hoping to warn the West of the deteriorating situation in Hungary. The Communists used the opportunity to get rid of their strongest opponent, and on 28 May the Soviets presented false evidence implicating Nagy in the conspiracy.[12] As the Communists had taken his son hostage in Budapest, Nagy agreed to resign on 30 May, but did not formally ratify his resignation until his son had reached Switzerland on 2 June.[13] Rákosi appointed Lajos Dinnyés—a Smallholder politician willing to collaborate with the Communists—as his replacement, which granted the Communist Party effective control of the Hungarian government. Subsequently Nagy was granted asylum in the United States.

Exile

Plaque commemorating Ferenc Nagy

Nagy documented his life and political career in The Struggle behind the Iron Curtain, published by MacMillan in 1948, and royalties from his memoirs helped him buy a house with a substantial garden plot in Herndon, Virginia (then an exurb of Washington, D.C.).[14]. He was heavily involved in exile politics and served as a member of the Hungarian Committee in exile, and also attended the Bandung Conference in 1955 as an observer on behalf of the US government.[15] During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 he attempted to return to his home country, but the authorities in Austria prevented him from doing so in order to preserve their country's neutrality.[16] In 1959, he was reported to have been the president of Permindex, a trade organization headquartered in Basel, Switzerland [17][18] He served as the president of the International Peasant Union from 1964 to 1970. In the 1960s he was a lecturer at various American universities, and received an honorary doctorate from the University of Berkeley and Indiana University in Bloomington. He retired from active political life in 1970, but in 1977 he spoke out in support of the return of the Holy Crown of Hungary from the United States to Hungary.[19] He died unexpectedly at his farm in Herndon in 1979 while planning a return to his home country.[20]

References

1. Heino Nyyssönen (2001). "Nagy, Ferenc (1903-79)". In Bernard A. Cook (ed.). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Volume II, K – Z. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. pp. 335–336. ISBN 9780815313366. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
2. Ferenc Nagy biography from rev.hu
3. Borhi, László. Hungary in the Cold War, 1945-1956. Central European University Press (2004), pp. 65-66 ISBN 963-9241-80-6
4. Borhi, László. Hungary in the Cold War, 1945-1956. Central European University Press (2004), pp. 65-66 ISBN 963-9241-80-6
5. Part 1: An Attempt at a New, Democratic Start, -1944-1946 The Institute for the History of the 1956 Revolution.
6. Sepestyen, Victor. 1946: The Making of the Modern World. New York: Vintage Books, 2014. pp. 166-7
7. Part 2: Communist take-over, 1946-1949 The Institute for the History of the 1956 Revolution.
8. Part 2: Communist take-over, 1946-1949 The Institute for the History of the 1956 Revolution.
9. Kenez, Peter. Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets: The Establishment of the Communist Regime in Hungary, 1944-1948. Cambridge University Press (2006), p. 133
10. Borhi, László. Hungary in the Cold War, 1945-1956. Central European University Press (2004), pp. 116-118 ISBN 963-9241-80-6
11. The History of the Soviet Bloc 1945–1991: A Chronology. Part 1: 1945–1952. 1947
12. Part 2: Communist take-over, 1946-1949 The Institute for the History of the 1956 Revolution.
13. Borhi, László. Hungary in the Cold War, 1945-1956. Central European University Press (2004), p. 118 ISBN 963-9241-80-6
14. "Nagy Purchases Farm In Fairfax County". The Washington Post. 4 September 1947.
15. Bott, Sandra et. al. Neutrality and Neutralism in the Global Cold War: Between or Within the Blocs? New York: Routledge, 2016. p. 53
16. Ferenc Nagy biography from rev.hu
17. "A Market Place for All the World". The Age. Melbourne. Australian Associated Press / Reuters. 12 March 1959. p. 2. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
18. Ryan, Nigel (16 April 1959). "Phantom City of Mussolini To Become Shopping Centre". The Windsor Daily Star. Windsor, Ontario. Reuters. p. 51. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
19. Ferenc Nagy biography from rev.hu
20. "Ferenc Nagy Dies, Last Free Leader of Hungary." The Washington Post, June 13, 1979.

Further reading

• Nagy, Ferenc; Stephen K Swift (1948). The struggle behind the Iron Curtain. New York: Macmillan Company. OCLC 186311583.
• Nagy, Ferenc (1963). The statesman in the free world and in communism. OCLC 24070950. Audiobook on tape : Lectures, speeches; English.
• Nagy, Ferenc (1990). Küzdelem a vasfüggöny mögött (in Hungarian). Budapest: Európa : História. ISBN 978-963-07-5171-1. OCLC 24084729.
• Vida, István (1990). Ferenc Nagy, a Hungarian agrar-democrat in the first half of the 20th Century : (sketch of his portrait). Budapest: Történettudományi Intézet. OCLC 38784552. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
• Csicsery-Rónay, István (1995). Nagy Ferenc miniszterelnök : visszamelékezések, tanulmányok, cikkek (in Hungarian). Budapest: Ezerkilencszáznegyvenöt Alapítvány : Occidental Press. ISBN 978-963-7871-05-4. OCLC 36083793. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
• Csicsery-Rónay, István (2005). A történelem szolgálatában : (tanulmányok, cikkek, beszédek) (in Hungarian). Budapest: Occidental Press. ISBN 978-963-7871-26-9. OCLC 78888454. Retrieved 27 January 2008.

External links

• A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Ference (SIC) Nagy" is available at the Internet Archive
• Speech by Ferenc Nagy on 23 March 1968, discussing America and the future of East Central Europe. Audio recording from The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues
• Newspaper clippings about Ferenc Nagy in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Political offices
Preceded by Béla Zsedényi Provisional National Assembly	Speaker of the National Assembly 1945–1946	Succeeded by Béla Varga
Preceded by Zoltán Tildy	Prime Minister of Hungary 1946–1947	Succeeded by Lajos Dinnyés
Preceded by Jenő Tombor	Minister of Defence Acting 1946	Succeeded by Albert Bartha