Farhad Khan

Farhād Khān (Persian: فرهاد خان‎, Bengali: ফরহাদ খাঁ), also known as Nizam-e-Zamanah (Bengali: নিজাম-ই-জমানা) or Nizam-e-Zaman (Persian: نظام زمان‎), was a Mughal military strategist who had many positions throughout his life.[1] He was the most well-known Faujdar of Sylhet Sarkar, governing in the late 17th century during the reign of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.[2][3][4] He was renowned for the construction of numerous bridges and places of worship in the region.[5]

Nizam-e-Zamanah

Farhad Khan
Thanadar of Noakhali (Bhulua)
In office
1665-1670
MonarchAurangzeb
GovernorShah Shuja
Faujdar of Sylhet
In office
1670-1678, 1679-1688
GovernorShaista Khan
Preceded byMahafata Khan
Succeeded bySadeq Khan
Faujdar of Chittagong (Islamabad)
In office
1678-1679
GovernorMuhammad Azam Shah
Preceded byBuzurg Umed Khan
Succeeded byZafar Khan
Mughal-Arakanese battle on the Karnaphuli River in 1666

Career
Khan's Sylhet Shahi Eidgah, would later become the battlefield of the 1782 Muharram Rebellion.

Farhad was the thanadar of Bhulua (Greater Noakhali). Farhad led an expedition to Bhulua ruled by Raja Lakshmana Manikya of the Bishwambhar Sur dynasty, and the expedition resulted in a swift Mughal victory.[6]

In the 1665 Conquest of Chittagong, the Firingis led by Captain Moor set fire to Arakanese fleets and fled to Bhulua where Farhad gave them refuge. Farhad later sent them off to the Subahdar of Bengal Shaista Khan in Jahangirnagar. In response, the Subahdar launched a December expedition led by his son Buzurg Umed Khan and ordered Farhad to join the fleet of Ibn Husayn and Zamindar Munawwar Khan. Shaista Khan also ordered Mir Murtaza, the superintendent of artillery, to join and protect Farhad. On 2 January, the fleet split ways with Farhad and Murtaza going through land with the other leaders going through the river. Following the successful conquest, Farhad was awarded with a rank as a mansabdar of Hazar-o-Pansadi (1500 soldiers under his command) and 350 horses.[7][8][9]

In 1670, Farhad became the faujdar of Sylhet succeeding Mahafata Khan. In the same year, he granted 27.25 hals of land to Syed Muhammad Najat Khan of Sylhet, whose heir was Ahsanullah, in the parganas of Kauria and Atuajan. Farhad built the single-domed Bara Gambuz hall south of Shah Jalal's dargah in 1677.[4] It had octagonal towers on its four corners and arched openings. The eastern part of the mosque had a large arched entrance with two smaller arched entrances on either side. The inscription was on the top of the main flat-arched entrance.[10] Farhad was also responsible for the construction of a three-domed mosque and Shah Jalal dargah complex, in 1678, south of the Bara Gambuz.[11] Farhad appointed a descendant of Shams ad-Din Kamali as the imam of the mosque, who would later become a mufti and found the Mufti Family of Sylhet.[12]

In 1678, Khan gifted 5.75 haals of land to Ratneshwar Chakraborty in Longla Pargana. He also granted land to Ramapati Chakrabarti, father of Srikrishna Chakrabarty of Ita, in Alinagar Pargana as well as giving land in Bejura Pargana to Ramkanta Chakrabarti of Qasimnagar, whose heir was Balaram Bisharad.[13] In 1684, Khan built another mosque in Raihusayn Mahalla (Rainagar).[14] The ruins of another mosque established by Khan can also be seen south-west of Dargah Mahalla (west of the former Sylhet Police lines during the British rule).[15] In 1688, he built the Gualichorra Bridge.[16]

Farhad Khan left Sylhet for a short while in 1678. He served as the 5th faujdar of Chittagong (then known as Islamabad) with Husayn Quli Khan as his Dewan and Mir Jafar as his Bakshi. Ghatforhadbeg (Ghat Farhad Beg), a ghat which used to be on the Karnaphuli is named after him.[17] He returned to Sylhet in 1789.[18]

Khan established the Sylhet Shahi Eidgah, the largest eidgah of its kind in the region.[19][20][21][22] The bridge located in Mirabazar-Shibganj road is still known as Farhad Khaner Pul (Farhad Khan's bridge) today.[23] The bridge over Mulnicherra was also built by Khan.[11]

Deputies

Farhad Khan had a number of naib-faujdars who would also, like Khan, gift land to Sylheti residents. They held the title of Nawab. Nawab Syed Muhammad Ali Khan Qaimjung, Naib in 1680, granted land to zamindars such as Jamabakhsh Faqir of Chowallish in 1680, Ramshankar Bhattacharya of Shamshernagar, Kalikanta Chakrabarty of Panchakhanda, Gangadhar Sharma of Baniachong and Ramchandra Chakrabarti of Pathariya. Nawab Nasrullah Khan, Naib in 1683, granted land to Pandit Ramgovinda Bhattacharjee in Chowallish.[24] In 1685, Nawab Abd ar-Rahman Khan was the Naib-Faujdar.[15]

Political offices
Preceded by
 Thanadar of Bhulua
1665-1670		 Succeeded by
Preceded by
Mahafata Khan		 Faujdar of Sylhet
1670-1678, 1679-1688		 Succeeded by
Sadeq Khan
Preceded by
Buzurg Umed Khan		 Faujdar of Islamabad
1678-1679		 Succeeded by
Zafar Khan
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See also

References
  1. Chowdhury, Abdul Hoque (1989). চট্টগ্রাম-আরাকান (in Bengali). Kathamala Prakashana.
  2. Bangladesh population census. 20. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Finance & Planning. 1981. p. xxiv.
  3. Jobrul Alom Shumon (25 August 2015). ইতিহাস ঐতিহ্যে আমাদের সিলেট-পর্ব ০৩ [The tradition and history of our Sylhet - Part 03] (in Bengali). SBDNews24.com. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  4. "District census report". Population Census of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning. 1974. p. 16 and 32.
  5. E M Lewis (1868). "Sylhet District". Principal Heads of the History and Statistics of the Dacca Division. Calcutta: Calcutta Central Press Company. pp. 66–67.
  6. Population Census of Noakhali. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning. 1974. p. 12.
  7. "3. The Feringhees of Chittagong". The Calcutta Review. 53. University of Calcutta. 1871. p. 74.
  8. M Noorul Haq (1977). বৃহত্তর চট্টলা. p. 66.
  9. Ghulam Husain Salim (1902–1904). Riyazu-s-salatin; a history of Bengal. Translated from the original Persian by Maulavi Abdus Salam. Calcutta Asiatic Society. pp. 230–231.
  10. Sylhet: History and Heritage. Sylhet District: Bangladesh Itihas Samiti. 1 Jan 1999. p. 653.
  11. East Pakistan District Gazetteers: Sylhet. East Pakistan Government Press. 1970.
  12. Chowdhury, Mujibur Rahman (2 Oct 2019). গৌড়-বঙ্গে মুসলিম বিজয় এবং সুফি-সাধকদের কথা (in Bengali). Sylheter Dak.
  13. Choudhury, Achyut Charan (2000) [1916]. Srihatter Itibritta: Uttorangsho (in Bengali). Kolkata: Kotha. p. 190.
  14. Gait, Edward Albert (1897). Report on the Progress of the Historical Research in Assam. Shillong: Assam Secretariat Print. Office. p. 9.
  15. Syed Mohammad Ali (1900). "A chronology of Muslim faujdars of Sylhet". The Proceedings Of The All Pakistan History Conference. 1. Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society. pp. 280–281.
  16. Ali Ahmad. "Vide". Journal of Assam Research Society. VIII: 26.
  17. The Tempest: A Monthly Review of National Affairs. 3. 1968. p. 37.
  18. Syed Murtaza Ali (1964). History of Chittagong. Standard Publishers. p. 67.
  19. Mahmood, Anis (30 May 2019). সিলেটের শাহি ঈদগাহ (in Bengali).
  20. শাহী-ঈদগাহ - সিলেট জেলা. Sylhet Government (in Bengali). Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  21. Syed Murtaza Ali (1965). History of Hazrat Shahjalal and Sylhet.
  22. 'Abd al-Haqq, Muhammad (15 May 2019). ঐতিহ্যের সিলেট (in Bengali). Sylheter Dak.
  23. Siddiquee, Iqbal (30 September 2006). "Shahi Eidgah - 300 Year Old Historical Structure". The Daily Star. Sylhet. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  24. Choudhury, Achyut Charan (2000) [1910]. Srihatter Itibritta: Purbangsho. Kolkata: Kotha.
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