Energy landscape

An energy landscape is a mapping of possible states of a system. The concept is frequently used in physics, chemistry, and biochemistry, e.g. to describe all possible conformations of a molecular entity, or the spatial positions of interacting molecules in a system, or parameters and their corresponding energy levels, typically Gibbs free energy. Geometrically, the energy landscape is the graph of the energy function across the configuration space of the system. The term is also used more generally in geometric perspectives to mathematical optimization, when the domain of the loss function is the parameter space of some system.

Simplified energy landscape of the world's socioeconomic system and social tipping dynamics at different levels of detail, highlighting factors that influence transitions

Applications

The term is useful when examining protein folding; while a protein can theoretically exist in a nearly infinite number of conformations along its energy landscape, in reality proteins fold (or "relax") into secondary and tertiary structures that possess the lowest possible free energy. The key concept in the energy landscape approach to protein folding is the folding funnel hypothesis.

In catalysis, when designing new catalysts or refining existing ones, energy landscapes are considered to avoid low-energy or high-energy intermediates that could halt the reaction or demand excessive energy to reach the final products.[1]

In glassing models, the local minima of an energy landscape correspond to metastable low temperature states of a thermodynamic system.[2][3]

In machine learning, artificial neural networks may be analyzed using analogous approaches.[4] For example, a neural network may be able to perfectly fit the training set, corresponding to a global minimum of zero loss, but overfitting the model ("learning the noise" or "memorizing the training set"). Understanding when this happens can be studied using the geometry of the corresponding energy landscape.[5]

Formal definition

Mathematically, an energy landscape is a continuous function ${\displaystyle f:X\to \mathbb {R} }$ associating each physical state with an energy, where ${\displaystyle X}$ is a topological space.

In the continuous case, ${\displaystyle X=\mathbb {R} ^{n}}$, where ${\displaystyle n}$ is the number of degrees of freedom of the system. The graph of a continuous energy landscape is a hypersurface in ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n+1}}$.

Hills and valleys in the energy landscape correspond to local maxima and minima of ${\displaystyle f}$, respectively.

Macroscopic example

A well-oiled door hinge has one degree of freedom, so its energy landscape is a function ${\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} }$. If the door hinge isn't mounted perfectly, the door will naturally swing closed, open, or to some partially open angle when it is allowed to swing freely. These angles correspond to states of minimal energy of the system, or valleys in the energy landscape.

See also

• Potential energy surface
• Potential well

References

1. Chen, Shentan; Ho, Ming-Hsun; Bullock, R. Morris; DuBois, Daniel L.; Dupuis, Michel; Rousseau, Roger; Raugei, Simone (2014). "Computing Free Energy Landscapes: Application to Ni-based Electrocatalysts with Pendant Amines for H2Production and Oxidation". ACS Catalysis. 4 (1): 229–242. doi:10.1021/cs401104w. ISSN 2155-5435.
2. Wales, David J. (2004). Energy Landscapes: Applications to Clusters, Biomolecules and Glasses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511721724. ISBN 978-0-511-72172-4.
3. Heuer, Andreas (2005). "Energy Landscapes. Applications to Clusters, Biomolecules and Glasses. By David J. Wales". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 44 (12): 1756–1757. doi:10.1002/anie.200485197.
4. Ballard, Andrew J.; Das, Ritankar; Martiniani, Stefano; Mehta, Dhagash; Sagun, Levent; Stevenson, Jacob D.; Wales, David J. (2017). "Perspective: Energy Landscapes for Machine Learning". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19 (20): 12585. arXiv:1703.07915. Bibcode:2017PCCP...1912585B. doi:10.1039/C7CP01108C.
5. Anthony Collins Gamst; Walker, Alden (2017). "The energy landscape of a simple neural network". arXiv:1706.07101 [stat.ML].