Elisabeth Targ

Elisabeth Targ
Elisabeth Targ
Born	August 4, 1961
Died	July 18, 2002 (aged 40); Portola Valley, California
Nationality	American
Citizenship	American
Alma mater	Stanford University
Known for	Research into prayer and healing
	Scientific career
Fields	Medicine, Parapsychology

Elisabeth Fischer Targ (August 4, 1961 – July 18, 2002) was an American psychiatrist specializing in psychic phenomena and the role of spirituality in health and healing. Targ produced a series of papers investigating the effects of prayer on AIDS patients, attempting to test the theory with a high degree of experimental rigor, with questionable results that eventually were not confirmed by a study published after her death. She died of glioblastoma, the same cancer she was studying, on July 18, 2002.

Early life

Elisabeth Targ was born on August 4, 1961, daughter of Russell and Joan Targ, granddaughter to William Targ and niece to chess world champion Bobby Fischer. Targ skipped two grades before completing public school, graduating from Palo Alto High School at the age of fifteen and earning her undergraduate degree and her medical degree at Stanford University. Targ inherited from her father, an active researcher in CIA-sponsored remote viewing experiments, an interest in parapsychology. Targ participated in many games and experiments, primarily relating to remote viewing and precognition, while growing up - guessing what her birthday and Christmas presents were before opening them, as well as the outcomes of horse races and presidential elections.[1]

Research on healing prayer

Targ is probably best known for a 1998 study that claimed prayer improved outcomes for AIDS patients. A follow-up to a 1995 pilot study of twenty case control study patients with advanced AIDS, the study was highlighted as a powerful proof of the effectiveness of prayer due to a significant difference between the control and prayer groups, as well as the rigorous methodology used - employing randomization, control groups, and when published it was portrayed as a double-blinded trial.[2] Targ received nearly $1.5M in grant funds from the National Institutes of Health to test the effectiveness of prayer on AIDS and breast cancer patients.[3]

However, in 2002 Wired columnist Po Bronson published an article discussing Targ, and discussing the methods and results of her study. While the study was running, the "triple cocktail" of antiretroviral drugs and protease inhibitors[4] had a revolutionary effect on the longevity of AIDS patients, including the study's subjects. As a result, the study was unblinded partway through and the results were dredged for a significant finding. After finding no significant difference in the scores for mortality rate (the study's original outcome measure), symptoms, quality of life, mood scores (which were actually worse for the groups prayed for) and CD4+ counts, the study's statistician found that there was a significant difference between the groups for hospital stays and doctor visits. After a suggestion from an outside doctor, the group also collected data on 23 different infections commonly found in AIDS patients, using retrospective review of the patients' charts, results which were also found to be significant.

As a result, Bronson stated that the study could no longer be considered properly blinded, and was actually an example of the Texas sharpshooter fallacy when positive results are published while negative results are ignored. A peer reviewer of the study stated that had he known of the multiple attempts to find significance, the data would have required different calculations making it much less likely to have a positive result and therefore considered it a pilot study rather than a conclusive proof.[5]

A later study listing Targ as an author was published in 2006, five years after her death. The study featured a much larger group of subjects (150 rather than 40), and concluded that the only difference between groups that received healing prayer and those that did not was that the group receiving prayer were more likely to guess they were the experimental subjects rather than the control group. There was no difference found between longevity, symptoms, or any other clinically meaningful outcome.[6]

Death

She was diagnosed with and ultimately died from one of the diseases whose treatment she had been studying, the malignant brain tumour glioblastoma multiforme. Targ's decline and death was watched with great interest by the community of remote healers she worked with, who prayed for her, often arriving at her house to offer their assistance while she was undergoing treatment. Targ died on July 18, 2002 – weeks short of her 41st birthday and after several unsuccessful attempts to treat the cancer with radiation and surgery.[5]

gollark: At last, I have managed to read my ebooks on a non-Amazon reader and it only took installing Calibre, installing the DeDRM plugin, copying over the folder on my tablet's SD card to my laptop via MTP, importing that, finding out that it recognized the metadata fine but could not actually view the contents, trawling the internet for somewhat dubious old copies of Kindle for PC, installing that in Wine, frantically turning off "automatically update" options before it did something, downloading my books, deregistering old devices because apparently I have a limited amount of devices available per book, downloading the ones which complained, figuring out where the Kindle for PC thing actually saved old books to, running the DeDRM DRM key finding thing, finding that that, not very unexpectedly, didn't work with a Wine install, installing Python 2 in Wine, running the DRM key finding script within the not-really-Windows-install, importing the key into the plugin, and then importing all the book files.

gollark: The newer smaller processes have worse... electromigration or whatever it is... problems.

gollark: I think Intel stuff is rated to run below 105° or so, but it's probably bad for it.

gollark: I believe that's mostly artificial driver limitations by Nvidia.

gollark: Huh, it looks like according to userbenchmark (kind of a terrible source, but nobody else is actually going to make comparisons this ridiculous) my integrated GPU is actually slightly faster than your dedicated card.

References

Gardner, Martin (2001). "Notes of a Fringe-Watcher: Distant Healing and Elisabeth Targ". Skeptical Inquirer. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
Sicher, F.; Targ, Elizabeth; Moore D, 2.; Smith, H. (1998). "A randomized double-blind study of the effect of distant healing in a population with advanced AIDS. Report of a small scale study". The Western Journal of Medicine. 169 (6): 356–363. PMC 1305403. PMID 9866433.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Weissmann, Gerald (2006). "NIH funding: not a prayer". FASEB Journal. 20 (9): 1278–1280. doi:10.1096/fj.06-0701ufm. PMID 16816099.
- United States Department of Health and Human Services (2004). "A Guide to Primary Care for People With HIV/AIDS, 2004 Edition" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-03.
- "Attacking AIDS with a 'Cocktail' Therapy". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14.
Bronson, Po (December 1, 2002). "A Prayer Before Dying". Wired. 10 (12). Archived from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
Astin, J.; Stone, J.; Abrams, D.; Moore, D.; Couey, P.; Buscemi, R.; Targ, E. (2006). "The efficacy of distant healing for human immunodeficiency virus--results of a randomized trial". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 12 (6): 36–41. PMID 17131980.

External links

Obituary at Spiritualhealth.com

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[1] Gardner, Martin (2001). "Notes of a Fringe-Watcher: Distant Healing and Elisabeth Targ". Skeptical Inquirer. Retrieved 2011-01-07.

[2] Sicher, F.; Targ, Elizabeth; Moore D, 2.; Smith, H. (1998). "A randomized double-blind study of the effect of distant healing in a population with advanced AIDS. Report of a small scale study". The Western Journal of Medicine. 169 (6): 356–363. PMC 1305403. PMID 9866433.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[3] Weissmann, Gerald (2006). "NIH funding: not a prayer". FASEB Journal. 20 (9): 1278–1280. doi:10.1096/fj.06-0701ufm. PMID 16816099.

[4] United States Department of Health and Human Services (2004). "A Guide to Primary Care for People With HIV/AIDS, 2004 Edition" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-03.

"Attacking AIDS with a 'Cocktail' Therapy". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14.

[5] United States Department of Health and Human Services (2004). "A Guide to Primary Care for People With HIV/AIDS, 2004 Edition" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-07-03.

[6] "Attacking AIDS with a 'Cocktail' Therapy". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14.

[bronson-5] Bronson, Po (December 1, 2002). "A Prayer Before Dying". Wired. 10 (12). Archived from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved April 16, 2020.

[6] Astin, J.; Stone, J.; Abrams, D.; Moore, D.; Couey, P.; Buscemi, R.; Targ, E. (2006). "The efficacy of distant healing for human immunodeficiency virus--results of a randomized trial". Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 12 (6): 36–41. PMID 17131980.