Eddie Cochran

Ray Edward Cochran (/ˈkɒkrən/; October 3, 1938 – April 17, 1960) was an American rock and roll musician. Cochran's songs, such as "Twenty Flight Rock", "Summertime Blues", "C'mon Everybody" and "Somethin' Else", captured teenage frustration and desire in the mid-1950s and early 1960s.[1] He experimented with multitrack recording, distortion techniques, and overdubbing even on his earliest singles.[2] He played the guitar, piano, bass, and drums.[1] His image as a sharply dressed and attractive young man with a rebellious attitude epitomized the stance of the 1950s rocker, and in death he achieved iconic status.[3]

Eddie Cochran
Cochran in 1957
Background information
Birth nameRay Edward Cochran
Born(1938-10-03)October 3, 1938
Albert Lea, Minnesota, U.S.
DiedApril 17, 1960(1960-04-17) (aged 21)
Bath, Somerset, England
Genres
Occupation(s)Singer-songwriter, musician
Instruments
  • Guitar
  • vocals
Years active1952–1960
Labels
Associated acts

Cochran was involved with music from an early age, playing in the school band and teaching himself to play blues guitar.[2] In 1954, he formed a duet with the guitarist Hank Cochran (no relation). When they split the following year, Eddie began a songwriting career with Jerry Capehart. His first success came when he performed the song "Twenty Flight Rock" in the film The Girl Can't Help It, starring Jayne Mansfield. Soon afterward, he signed a recording contract with Liberty Records and his first record for the label, Sittin' in the Balcony, rose to number 18 on the Billboard charts.

Cochran died at age 21 after a road accident, while traveling in a taxi in Chippenham, Wiltshire, during his British tour in April 1960. He had just performed at Bristol's Hippodrome theatre. Though his best-known songs were released during his lifetime, more of his songs were released posthumously. In 1987, Cochran was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. His songs have been recorded by a wide variety of recording artists.

Early life

Cochran was born October 3, 1938, in Albert Lea, Minnesota, to Alice and Frank R. Cochran.[2] His parents were from Oklahoma, and he always said in interviews that his parents had some roots in Oklahoma. He took music lessons in school but quit the band to play drums. Also, rather than taking piano lessons, he began learning guitar, playing country and other music he heard on the radio.

Music career

Early career and Cochran Brothers (1952–1955)

Cochran's family moved to Bell Gardens, California, in 1952. As his guitar playing improved, he formed a band with two friends from his junior high school. He dropped out of Bell Gardens High School in his first year to become a professional musician.[4] During a show featuring many performers at an American Legion hall, he met Hank Cochran, a songwriter. Although they were not related, they recorded as the Cochran Brothers and began performing together.[5] They recorded a few singles for Ekko Records that were fairly successful and helped to establish them as a performing act. Eddie Cochran also worked as a session musician and began writing songs, making a demo with Jerry Capehart, his future manager.

First success as solo artist (1956–1957)

In July 1956, Eddie Cochran's first "solo artist" single was released by Crest Records.[6] It featured "Skinny Jim", now regarded as a rock-and-roll and rockabilly classic. In the spring of 1956, Boris Petroff asked Cochran if he would appear in the musical comedy film The Girl Can't Help It. Cochran agreed and performed the song "Twenty Flight Rock" in the movie. In 1957 Cochran starred in his second film, Untamed Youth, and he had yet another hit, "Sittin' in the Balcony", one of the few songs he recorded that was written by other songwriters (in this case John D. Loudermilk). "Twenty Flight Rock" was written by AMI staff writer Ned Fairchild (a pen name—her real name is Nelda Fairchild). Fairchild, who was not a rock and roll performer, merely provided the initial form of the song; the co-writing credit reflects Cochran's major changes and contributions to the final product.

In the Summer of 1957 Liberty Records issued Cochran's only studio album released during his lifetime, Singin' to My Baby. The album included "Sittin' in the Balcony". There were only a few rockers on this album, and Liberty seemed to want to move Cochran away from Rock and Roll.

International breakthrough (1958–1959)

In 1958, Cochran seemed to find his stride in the famous teenage anthem "Summertime Blues" (co-written with Jerry Capehart). With this song, Cochran was established as one of the most important influences on rock and roll in the 1950s, both lyrically and musically. The song, released by Liberty recording no. 55144, charted at number 8 in 1958. Cochran's brief career included a few more hits, such as "C'mon, Everybody", "Somethin' Else", "Teenage Heaven", and his posthumous UK number one hit "Three Steps to Heaven". He remained popular in the US and UK through the late 1950s and early 1960s, and more of his records were posthumous hits, such as "My Way", "Weekend", and "Nervous Breakdown".

Another aspect of Cochran's short but brilliant career is his work as backup musician and producer.[6] In 1959 he played lead for Skeets McDonald at Columbia's studios for "You Oughta See Grandma Rock" and "Heart Breaking Mama". In a session for Gene Vincent in March 1958 he contributed his trademark bass voice, as heard on "Summertime Blues". The recordings were issued on the album A Gene Vincent Record Date.[7]

In early 1959, two of Cochran's friends, Buddy Holly and Ritchie Valens, along with the Big Bopper, were killed in a plane crash while on tour. Cochran's friends and family later said that he was badly shaken by their deaths, and he developed a morbid premonition that he also would die young. It was shortly after their deaths that he recorded a song (written by disc jockey Tommy Dee) in tribute to them, "Three Stars". He was anxious to give up life on the road and spend his time in the studio making music, thereby reducing the chance of suffering a similar fatal accident while touring. Financial responsibilities, however, required that he continue to perform live, and that led to his acceptance of an offer to tour the United Kingdom in 1960.

Death
Memorial plaque at Rowden Hill, Chippenham

Cochran was on tour in Britain from January through April 1960.[8] He and his friend and fellow performing artist Gene Vincent had just finished performing at the last of their scheduled concerts at the Bristol Hippodrome on April 16, a Saturday night. They were traveling along the Bath Road in a taxi (a cream-coloured 1960 model Ford Consul Mark II saloon) from Bristol towards London. In addition to Cochran and Vincent, the other passengers in the vehicle were Sharon Sheeley (a 20-year-old songwriter who was also Cochran's fiancée at the time), Patrick Tompkins (the tour manager, 29 years old), and George Martin (the 19-year-old taxi driver). At about 11:50 p.m. that night, Martin lost control of the vehicle, which subsequently crashed into a concrete lamppost at Rowden Hill in Chippenham.[9] At the moment of impact Cochran, who was seated in the centre of the back seat, threw himself over Sheeley to shield her. The force of the collision caused the left rear passenger door to open,[10] and Cochran was ejected from the vehicle, sustaining a massive traumatic brain injury from blunt force trauma to the skull. The pavement was dry and the weather was good, but the vehicle was later determined to be traveling at an excessive speed.[11] No other vehicle was involved in the incident.[11]

The occupants of the vehicle were all taken to Chippenham Community Hospital and later transferred to St Martin's Hospital in Bath. Cochran never regained consciousness, and died at 4:10 p.m. the following day – Easter Sunday.[12] Sheeley suffered injuries to her back and thigh, Vincent suffered a fractured collarbone and severe injuries to his legs, and Tompkins sustained facial injuries and a possible fracture of the base of the skull. Martin did not sustain significant injuries.

Vincent and Sheeley returned to the United States after the accident. Cochran's body was flown home, and after a funeral service was buried on April 25, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Cypress, California.[2] Martin was convicted of dangerous driving, fined £50 (and in default of payment six months imprisonment), and disqualified from driving for 15 years.[13] His driving disqualification was lifted on May 7, 1968, after the judge at Bristol Assizes determined that Martin "had suffered considerable financial hardship".[14] The car and other items from the crash were impounded at the local police station until a coroner's inquest could be held. David Harman, a police cadet at the station, who would later become known as Dave Dee of the band Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich, is said to have played on Cochran's Gretsch 6120 guitar whilst it was held at the station.[15]

There is a plaque marking the site of the car crash on Rowden Hill.[16] There is also a memorial stone on the grounds of St Martin's Hospital in Bath, commemorating Cochran's death.[17] The stone was restored in 2010 on the 50th anniversary of his death and can be found in the old chapel grounds at the hospital. A memorial plaque was also placed next to the sundial at the back of the old chapel.[18] The Eddie Cochran Memorial Project spearheaded a fundraising campaign in 2018 to restore the plaque and install a brand new "Three Steps to Heaven" base at the Chippenham crash site.[19]

Posthumous releases and honors

A posthumous album, My Way, was released in 1964. Cochran was a prolific performer, and the British label Rockstar Records has released more of his music posthumously than was released during his life. The company is still looking for unpublished songs. One of his posthumous releases was "Three Stars", a tribute to J. P. Richardson, better known as the Big Bopper, and Cochran's friends Buddy Holly and Ritchie Valens, who had all died in a plane crash just one year earlier. Written just hours after the tragedy by disc jockey Tommy Dee, it was recorded by Cochran two days later (Dee recorded his own version several weeks later). His voice broke during the spoken lyrics about Valens and Holly.

In 1987, Cochran was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[1] His pioneering contribution to the genre of rockabilly has also been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Several of his songs have been re-released since his death, such as "C'mon Everybody", which was a number 14 hit in 1988 in the UK. Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 84 on its 2003 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. Cochran's life is chronicled in several publications, including Don't Forget Me: The Eddie Cochran Story, by Julie Mundy and Darrel Higham (ISBN 0-8230-7931-7), and Three Steps to Heaven, by Bobby Cochran (ISBN 0-634-03252-6). The Very Best of Eddie Cochran was released by EMI Records on June 2, 2008. On September 27, 2010, the mayor of Bell Gardens, California, declared October 3, 2010, to be "Eddie Cochran Day" to celebrate the famous musician who began his career when living in that city.

In 1963 the pop star Heinz Burt paid tribute to Cochran with the song "Just Like Eddie". Produced by Joe Meek, the song was a top 5 chart hit.

Style and influence

Cochran was one of the first rock-and-roll artists to write his own songs and overdub tracks. He is also credited with being one of the first to use an unwound third string to "bend" notes up a whole tone—an innovation (imparted to UK guitarist Joe Brown, who secured much session work as a result) that has since become an essential part of the standard rock guitar vocabulary. Artists such as Joan Jett and the Blackhearts, the Rolling Stones, Bruce Springsteen, Van Halen, Tom Petty, Rod Stewart, T. Rex, Cliff Richard, the Who, Stray Cats, the Beach Boys, the Beatles, Blue Cheer, Led Zeppelin, the White Stripes, the Sex Pistols, Sid Vicious, Rush, Simple Minds, George Thorogood, Guitar Wolf, Paul McCartney, Alan Jackson, Terry Manning, the Move, David Bowie, Jimi Hendrix, Johnny Hallyday and U2[20] have covered his songs.

It was because Paul McCartney knew the chords and words to "Twenty Flight Rock" that he became a member of the Beatles. John Lennon was so impressed that he invited McCartney to play with his band, the Quarrymen. Jimi Hendrix performed "Summertime Blues" early in his career, and Pete Townshend of the Who was heavily influenced by Cochran's guitar style ("Summertime Blues" was a staple of live performances by the Who for most of their career, until the death of bassist and vocalist John Entwistle in 2002, and is featured on their album Live at Leeds). San Francisco Sound band Blue Cheer's version of "Summertime Blues" was their only hit and signature song, and has been described as the first heavy metal song.[21] Terry Manning recorded a live version of "Somethin' Else" at a concert inside Elvis Presley's first house in Memphis.

The glam-rock artist Marc Bolan had his main Gibson Les Paul guitar refinished in a transparent orange to resemble the Gretsch 6120 played by Cochran, who was his music hero.[22] He was also an influence on the guitar player Brian Setzer, of Stray Cats, who plays a 6120 almost like that of Cochran, whom he portrayed in the film La Bamba.[23]

Filmography
Year Film Role Distributor
1956 The Girl Can't Help It Himself 20th Century Fox
1957 Untamed Youth Bong Warner Bros.
1959 Go, Johnny, Go Himself Hal Roach Studios

Discography

Albums

US albums

UK albums
  • Singin' to My Baby (1957)
  • The Eddie Cochran Memorial Album (September 1960)
  • Cherished Memories (December 1962)
  • My Way (September 1964)
  • The Legendary Eddie Cochran (June 1971)
  • The Many Sides of Eddie Cochran (1974)
  • The Eddie Cochran Singles Album (August 1979)
  • 20th Anniversary Album (March 1980)
  • The Best of Eddie Cochran, Liberty-EMI U.K. (1985) (the mono 16-track LP/cassette is from the Rock 'N' Roll Masters series)
  • The Very Best of Eddie Cochran (June 2008)
  • Eddie Cochran Story (July 6, 2009)

Singles
Year Titles (A-side, B-side)
Both sides from same album except where indicated		 Peak chart positions US Album
US UK AU
1954 "Two Blue Singin' Stars"
b/w "Mr. Fiddle"
Both tracks by the Cochran Brothers		 — — — Non-album tracks
"Your Tomorrow Never Comes"
b/w "Guilty Conscience"
Both tracks by the Cochran Brothers		 — — —
1955 "Walkin' Stick Boogie"
b/w "Rollin'"
Both tracks by Jerry Capeheart Featuring the Cochran Brothers		 — — —
"Tired and Sleepy"
b/w "Fool's Paradise"
Both sides by the Cochran Brothers		 — — —
1956 "Skinny Jim"
b/w "Half Loved"		 — — —
1957 "Sittin' in the Balcony"
b/w "Dark Lonely Street" (non-album track)		 18 23 30 Singin' to My Baby
"Mean When I'm Mad"
b/w "One Kiss"		 — 29 —
"Drive in Show"
b/w "Am I Blue" (non-album track)		 82 — — Eddie Cochran
"Twenty Flight Rock"
b/w "Cradle Baby" (from Singin' to My Baby)		 — — — Never to Be Forgotten
1958 "Jeannie Jeannie Jeannie"
b/w "Pocketful of Hearts"		 94 — — Non-album tracks
"Teresa"
b/w "Pretty Girl"		 — — —
Summertime Blues"
b/w "Love Again" (from Never to Be Forgotten)		 8 18 18 Eddie Cochran
"C'mon Everybody"
b/w "Don't Ever Let Me Go" (non-album track)		 35 6 88
1959 "Teenage Heaven"
b/w "I Remember" (non-album track)		 99 — —
"Somethin' Else"
b/w "Boll Weevil Song" (from Never to Be Forgotten)		 58 22 —
"Hallelujah I Love Her So"
b/w "Little Angel" (from Never to Be Forgotten)		 — 22 45
1960 "Three Steps to Heaven"
b/w "Cut Across Shorty"		 — 1 —
"Lonely" — 41 — Never to Be Forgotten
"Sweetie Pie" — 38 —
1961 "Weekend"
b/w "Lonely" (US); "Cherished Memories" (UK)		 — 15 —

The following songs also made the following chart entries in the UK:

  • 1961: "Jeannie Jeannie Jeannie" – #31
  • 1963: "My Way" – #23
  • 1966: "Summertime Blues" – #55; #34 (1968); #53 (1975)
  • 1988: "C'mon Everybody" – #14
  • 1988: "Somethin' Else" – #100
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References
  1. Hill, Michael (1987). "Eddie Cochran: Hall of Fame Essay". Inductees of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Cleveland, Ohio: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  2. Cochran, Bobby; Van Hecke, Susan (2003). Three Steps to Heaven: The Eddie Cochran Story. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0634032523.
  3. Deming, Mark (2020). "Eddie Cochran Biography". AllMusic. www.allmusic.com. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  4. "Eddie Cochran Biography". Featured Pages. Savannah, Georgia: Gretsch Guitars. 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  5. Clark, Alan (2020). "Eddie Cochran". Rockabilly Legends. Nashville, Tennessee: Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  6. Vidal, Paul (2020). "The Crest Records Story". The Labels. Paul Vidal Enterprises, Inc. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  7. Eddie Cochran's Sessions Archived August 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, eddiecochran.info; retrieved May 26, 2013.
  8. "Eddie Cochran – Jan / April 1960 « American Rock n Roll the UK Tours".
  9. Simmonds, Jeremy (2008). "Introduction". The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars: Heroin, Handguns, and Ham Sandwiches. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. xii. ISBN 978-1-55652-754-8.
  10. "The Crash".
  11. Stanton, Scott (2003). "Eddie Cochran". The Tombstone Tourist: Musicians (2 ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 50–53. ISBN 978-0743463300.
  12. "Certified Copy of an Entry of Death: Edward Ray Cochran". County Borough of Bath. July 2, 1960. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  13. Collis, John (August 19, 2011). Gene Vincent & Eddie Cochran. Random House. ISBN 978-0-7535-4783-0.
  14. "15-year ban on driver lifted". Daily Mirror. May 8, 1968. p. 2. Retrieved February 26, 2020.(subscription required)
  15. Kimmet, Ian (October 9, 2001). "Seance with a Gretsch G 6120".
  16. "Cochran fans plan statue in death town". BBC News. August 26, 2016.
  17. Eddie Cochran Memorial Plaque at St. Martin's Hospital in Bath. Flickr. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  18. "Remembering Eddie Cochran". Bath Chronicle. April 19, 2012. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2020. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required)
  19. https://ocm.wiltshire.gov.uk/chippenham/monument-to-eddie-cochran-unveiled/
  20. Axver, Matthias Muehlbradt, Andre. "U2 C'mon Everybody – U2 on tour". U2gigs.com. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
  21. George-Warren, Holly; Romanowski, PAtricia, eds. (2001). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743292016. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  22. Bacon, Tony (2002). 50 Years of the Gibson Les Paul. Backbeat Books. p. 71. ISBN 0-87930-711-0.
  23. "La Bamba (movie)". Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  24. CD liner notes: Eddie Cochran, Singin' to My Baby and Never to Be Forgotten, 1993 EMI Records.
Bibliography
  • Cochran, Bobby; Van Hecke, Susan (2003). Three Steps to Heaven: The Eddie Cochran Story. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0634032523.
  • Mundy, Julie; Higham, Darrel (2000). Don't Forget Me: The Eddie Cochran Story. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 0-8230-7931-7.
  • Sheeley, Sharon (2010). Summertime Blues. Ravenhawk Books. ISBN 978-1-893660-18-2.
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