Echinothurioida

Echinothurioida; Temporal range: Middle Jurassic–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Fire urchin (Asthenosoma varium)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Echinodermata
Class:	Echinoidea
Subclass:	Euechinoidea
Superorder:	Diadematacia
Order:	Echinothurioida; Claus, 1880[1]
Families
	See text

The Echinothurioida are an order of sea urchins in the class Echinoidea. Echinothurioids are distinguished from other sea urchins by the combination of a flexible test and hollow spines. The membrane around the mouth contains only simple plates, in contrast to the more complex mouth parts of their close relatives, the Diadematoida. They are nearly all deepsea dwellers.

Characteristics

Echinothurioids have regular tests (shells) with 10 columns of plates. These plates are fused in groups of three with a central primary plate and a half plate on either side. The edge of each group of plates overlaps the next one in the manner of tiles on a roof and this means the test is flexible. These animals usually collapse to a disc shape when brought to the surface. The primary tubercles which articulate with the spines are each perforated by a hole and the spines are hollow. The primary spines are usually long and are used to support the test and in locomotion. In many species, the secondary spines are tipped with poison glands and the urchins should only be handled with gloves. The fused plates continue to the edge of the jaws, covering the peristome membrane that surrounds the mouth. The mouthparts, known as the Aristotle's lantern, have simple plates and grooved teeth. The gills are relatively small, and in many species, entirely absent.[2][3][4]

Biology

Toxic leather sea urchin
(Asthenosoma marisrubri)

Gold sea urchin (Tromikosoma sp.)
at 2,932 metres (9,619 ft)

Phormosoma placenta

Hygrosoma sp.

Echinothurioids are nearly all found on the seabed at abyssal depths, but by way of an exception, Asthenosma ijimai is found in shallow water.[2] Because of the difficulty in studying these echinothurioids at such depths, little is known of their feeding habits, but examination of their stomach contents suggests they eat detritus, mostly in the form of algal fragments. Their reproduction is also relatively unstudied, but some members of the group, such as Phormosoma placenta, produce eggs with large yolks which at first rise towards the surface and later sink again. The bilaterally symmetrical larva, called an echinopluteus, is planktonic and may not feed, relying on its yolk for nourishment before descending to the seabed and undergoing metamorphosis.[2][4]

Evolutionary history

For many years, echinothurioids were believed to be extinct, being only known from fossils. These are found infrequently because the test tends to disintegrate after the echinoderm dies and the only parts to be preserved are detached plates and spines. The earliest known echinothurioid was Pelanechinus, dating back to the Middle to Late Jurassic. It had a more fused test than more recent species and was better preserved.[2] It bridges the gap between the echinothurioids and the diadematioids.[5] The earliest crown group example was Echinothuria, which came from the Upper Cretaceous of southern England. Living members of the group were found after the Challenger expedition of 1872–76 began to explore the deep sea.[2]

Taxonomy

The World Echinoidea Database recognises these families and genera:[1]

Family Echinothuriidae Thomson, 1872a
- Genus Araeosoma Mortensen, 1903b
- Genus Asthenosoma Grube, 1868
- Genus Calveriosoma Mortensen, 1934
- Genus Echinothuria Woodward, 1863 †
- Genus Hapalosoma Mortensen, 1903b
- Genus Hygrosoma Mortensen, 1903b
- Genus Retzneiosoma Kroh, 2005 †
- Genus Sperosoma Koehler, 1897
- Genus Tromikosoma Mortensen, 1903
Family Kamptosomatidae Mortensen, 1934
- Genus Kamptosoma Mortensen, 1903b
Family Phormosomatidae Mortensen, 1934
- Genus Hemiphormosoma Mortensen, 1934
- Genus Paraphormosoma Mortensen, 1934
- Genus Phormosoma Thomson, 1872b
Family Pelanechinidae Groom, 1887 †[6]
- Genus Pelanechinus †[7]

"†" means an extinct taxon

Araeosoma thetidis
Sperosoma sp.

gollark: I actually disagree with this preference.

gollark: I generally don't publish the particularly trashy code like Minoteaurs 2 through 4.

gollark: Also, C lacks good ADTs, and osmarkscalculator™ does things.

gollark: It had horrible borrow-checkery problems, meaning that in C it would have just horribly imploded and deallocated stuff all the time.

gollark: osmarkscalculator™ would have been waaaay slower to write in C.

References

Kroh, Andreas (2012). Kroh A, Mooi R (eds.). "Echinothurioida". World Echinoidea Database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
"Order Echinothurioida Claus, 1880". The Echinoid Directory. The Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2012-12-07.
Serafy, D. Keith; Fell, F. Julian (1985). "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Echinodermata: Echinoidea" (PDF). NOAA Technical Report NMFS 33. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 980. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
Groom, T. T. (1887). "On some New Features in Pelanechinus corallinus". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 43 (1–4): 703–714. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1887.043.01-04.53.
Kroh, Andreas; Smith, A. B. (2010). "The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 8 (2): 147–212. doi:10.1080/14772011003603556.
Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Echinoidea)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 2012-12-08.