East Berlin

East Berlin was the capital city of the German Democratic Republic from 1949 to 1990. Formally, it was the Soviet sector of Berlin, established in 1945. The American, British, and French sectors were known as West Berlin. From 13 August 1961 until 9 November 1989, East Berlin was separated from West Berlin by the Berlin Wall. The Western Allied powers did not recognise East Berlin as the GDR's capital, nor the GDR's authority to govern East Berlin. On 3 October 1990, the day Germany was officially reunified, East and West Berlin formally reunited as the city of Berlin.

For other uses, see East Berlin (disambiguation).

East Berlin Ost-Berlin Восточный Берлин Berlin (Ost)
Capital of East Germany (unrecognised as such by the Western Bloc); Soviet-occupied sector of Berlin (recognised as such by the Western Bloc).
1949–1990
Flag Coat of arms
The four occupation zones of Berlin. East Berlin is shown in red.
Area
• Coordinates	52°31′7″N 13°24′16″E
• 1989	409 km^2 (158 sq mi)
Population
• 1989	1,279,212
Government
Governing Mayor
• 1948–1967 (first)	Friedrich Ebert Jr. (SED)
• 1991 (last)	Thomas Krüger (SDP)
Historical era	Cold War
• Established	1949
• Reunification	3 October 1990
Preceded by Succeeded by Allied-occupied Germany Germany Berlin

Overview

With the London Protocol of 1944 signed on September 12, 1944, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union decided to divide Germany into three occupation zones and to establish a special area of Berlin, which was occupied by the three Allied Forces together.[1] In May 1945, the Soviet Union installed a city government for the whole city that was called "Magistrate of Greater Berlin", which existed until 1947. After the war, the Allied Forces initially administered the city together within the Allied Kommandatura, which served as the governing body of the city. However, in 1948 the Soviet representative left the Kommandatura and the common administration broke apart during the following months. In the Soviet sector, a separate city government was established, which continued to call itself "Magistrate of Greater Berlin".

When the German Democratic Republic was established in 1949, it immediately claimed East Berlin as its capital—a claim that was recognised by all communist countries. Nevertheless, its representatives to the People's Chamber were not directly elected and did not have full voting rights until 1981.[2]

In June 1948, all railways and roads leading to West Berlin were blocked, and East Berliners were not allowed to emigrate. Nevertheless, more than 1,000 East Germans were escaping to West Berlin each day by 1960, caused by the strains on the East German economy from war reparations owed to the Soviet Union, massive destruction of industry, and lack of assistance from the Marshall Plan. In August 1961, the East German Government tried to stop the population exodus by enclosing West Berlin within the Berlin Wall. It was very dangerous for fleeing residents to cross because armed soldiers were trained to shoot illegal migrants.[3]

East Germany was a socialist republic, but there was not complete economic equality. Privileges such as prestigious apartments and good schooling were given to members of the ruling party and their family. Eventually, Christian churches were allowed to operate without restraint after years of harassment by authorities. In the 1970s, wages of East Berliners rose and working hours fell.[4]

The Soviet Union and the Communist bloc recognised East Berlin as the GDU's capital. However, Western Allies (the US, UK, and France) never formally acknowledged the authority of the East German government to govern East Berlin. Official Allied protocol recognised only the authority of the Soviet Union in East Berlin in accordance with the occupation status of Berlin as a whole. The United States Command Berlin, for example, published detailed instructions for U.S. military and civilian personnel wishing to visit East Berlin.[5] In fact, the three Western commandants regularly protested against the presence of the East German National People's Army (NVA) in East Berlin, particularly on the occasion of military parades. Nevertheless, the three Western Allies eventually established embassies in East Berlin in the 1970s, although they never recognised it as the capital of East Germany. Treaties instead used terms such as "seat of government."[6]

On 3 October 1990, East and West Germany and East and West Berlin were reunited, thus formally ending the existence of East Berlin. City-wide elections in December 1990 resulted in the first “all Berlin” mayor being elected to take office in January 1991, with the separate offices of mayors in East and West Berlin expiring at the time, and Eberhard Diepgen (a former mayor of West Berlin) became the first elected mayor of a reunited Berlin.[7]

East Berlin today

Since reunification, the German government has spent vast amounts of money on reintegrating the two halves of the city and bringing services and infrastructure in the former East Berlin up to the standard established in West Berlin.

After reunification, the East German economy suffered significantly. Under the adopted policy of privatisation of state-owned firms under the auspices of the Treuhandanstalt, many East German factories were shut down—which also led to mass unemployment—due to gaps in productivity with and investment compared to West German companies, as well as an inability to comply with West German pollution and safety standards in a way that was deemed cost effective. Because of this, a massive amount of West German economic aid was poured into East Germany to revitalize it. This stimulus was part-funded through a 7.5% tax on income for individuals and companies (in addition to normal income tax or company tax) known as the Solidaritätszuschlaggesetz (SolZG) or "solidarity surcharge", which though only in effect for 1991-1992 (later reintroduced in 1995 at 7.5 and then dropped down to 5.5% in 1998 and continues to be levied to this day) led to a great deal of resentment toward the East Germans.[8][9][10]

Despite the large sums of economic aid poured into East Berlin, there still remain obvious differences between the former East and West Berlins. East Berlin has a distinct visual style; this is partly due to the greater survival of prewar façades and streetscapes, with some even still showing signs of wartime damage. The unique look of Stalinist architecture that was used in East Berlin (along with the rest of the former GDR) also contrasts markedly with the urban development styles employed in the former West Berlin. Additionally, the former East Berlin (along with the rest of the former GDR) retains a small number of its GDR-era street and place names commemorating German socialist heroes, such as Karl-Marx-Allee, Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz, and Karl-Liebknecht-Straße. Many such names, however, were deemed inappropriate (for various reasons) and, through decommunization, changed after a long process of review (so, for instance, Leninallee reverted to Landsberger Allee in 1991, and Dimitroffstraße reverted to Danziger Straße in 1995).

Another symbolic icon of the former East Berlin (and of East Germany as a whole) is the "Ampelmännchen" (tr. "little traffic light men"), a stylized version of a fedora-wearing man crossing the street, which is found on traffic lights at many pedestrian crosswalks throughout the former East. Following a civic debate about whether the Ampelmännchen should be abolished or disseminated more widely (due to concerns of consistency), several crosswalks in some parts of the former West Berlin also employ the Ampelmännchen.

Twenty-five years after the two cities were reunified, the people of East and West Berlin still had noticeable differences between them, which became more apparent among the older generations. The two groups also had sometimes-derogatory slang terms to refer to each other. A former East Berliner (or East German) was known as an "Ossi" (from the German word for east, Ost), and a former West Berliner (or West German) was known as a "Wessi" (from the German word for west, West). Both sides also engaged in stereotyping the other. A stereotypical Ossi had little ambition or poor work ethic and was chronically bitter, while a stereotypical Wessi was arrogant, selfish, impatient and pushy.[11]

Boroughs of East Berlin

Boroughs of East Berlin (as of 1987)

At the time of German reunification, East Berlin comprised the boroughs of

• Friedrichshain
• Hellersdorf (since 1986)
• Hohenschönhausen (since 1985)
• Köpenick
• Lichtenberg
• Marzahn (since 1979)
• Mitte
• Pankow
• Prenzlauer Berg
• Treptow
• Weißensee

Images of East Berlin

• 
  Marx-Engels-Platz and the Palast der Republik in East Berlin in the summer of 1989. The Fernsehturm (TV Tower) is visible in the background.
• 
  Easter Sunday 1988 Fernsehturm and Palast der Republik
• 
  Karl-Marx-Allee apartments
• 
  Wall plaque of Lenin, off Wilhelmstraße
• 
  GDR-era mural of Meissen porcelain on former Council of Ministers building, facing Leipziger Straße
• 
  The Soviet War Memorial in Treptower Park
• 
  Cafe Moskau in Karl-Marx-Allee
• 
  The Palace of the Republic, being dismantled
• 
  New Synagogue, Oranienburger Straße
• 
  "Hochhaus" in Weberwiese, the first high rise apartment built after the war
• 
  Volksbühne, Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz
• 
  Late-1980s GDR apartment blocks on the Wilhelmstraße
• 
  Strausberger Platz with constructivism style building
• 
  Proletarian hero, Alexanderplatz
• 
  Gerhard Behrendt with Sandmännchen. The show was recorded in East Berlin.
• 
  The Bode Museum at the northern end of the Museum Island, 1956
• 
  East German guards checking cars as they exit East Berlin at Checkpoint Charlie, February, 1975
• 
  Haus der Schweiz, Unter der Linden at FriedrichStrasse, East Berlin, February 1975
• 
  Statues of Marx and Engels, Marx-Engels-Forum

See also

• West Berlin
• Bonn, the West German capital city

References

• Durie, W. (2012). The British Garrison Berlin 1945–1994: "No where to go". Berlin: Vergangenheits/Berlin. ISBN 978-3-86408-068-5.

1. Knowles, Chris (29 January 2014). "Germany 1945-1949: a case study in post-conflict reconstruction". History & Policy. History & Policy. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
2. Berlin seit dem Kriegsende, Helmut Peitsch, Manchester University Press, 1989 page 18
3. Conrad Stein, R. (1997). Berlin. Children's Press. p. 29.
4. Grant, R.G (1999). The Berlin Wall. Steck-Vaughn Company.
5. "Helpful Hints for US Visitors to East Berlin" (PDF). Headquarters, U.S. Command Berlin. 9 November 1981. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
6. Architecture, Politics, and Identity in Divided Berlin, Emily Pugh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014, pages 159
7. Berlin Mayoral Contest Has Many Uncertainties, The New York Times, 1 December 1990
8. "BZSt - Tax withholding amount". www.bzst.de. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
9. "Company Tax in the EU- Germany". Your Europe - Business. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
10. Grant, R.G. (1999). The Berlin Wall. Steck-Vaughn Company.
11. Conrad Stein, R. (1997). Berlin. Children's Press. p. 14.

External links

• Works about East Berlin at WorldCat Identities
• My First Time to East Berlin, 11/11/2019, James Bovard, Mises Institute