EU-Alert

EU-Alert is the generic term for the European Public Warning Service based upon Cell Broadcast technology. EU-Alert is compatible with Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA) formerly known as the Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS) standard as used in the United States. Mobile phone OSes like Android, iOS, and Windows, since 2012 by default support EU-Alert/WEA/CMAS via Cell Broadcast for public warning messages.

EU-Alert/GR-Alert message in Greece for the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic.

EU-Alert standard

The EU-Alert standard (TS 102 900 V1.3.1)[1] as defined by ETSI is the European Public Warning Service using the Cell Broadcast Service as a means of delivering public warning messages to the general public.

Specific countries using the EU-Alert service are identified by replacing the letters EU with the Country Identification letters in ISO 3166-1 :

  • NL-Alert: The national variant of EU-Alert for the Netherlands.
  • GR-Alert: The national variant of EU-Alert for Greece.
  • LT-Alert: The national variant of EU-Alert for Lithuania.
  • RO-Alert: The national variant of EU-Alert for Romania.
  • IT-Alert: The national variant of EU-Alert for Italy (starting testing on October 2020)[2] Cell Broadcast Centres in Italy are provided by infinite-convergence a white-label CBC partner of Nokia as Nokia does not own a Cell Broadcast System they depend on a third party.
EU-Alert/NL-Alert Cell Broadcast message in the area of Venlo, The Netherlands on 7 August 2018 as a result of a large toxic fire [3]

Dependent on the country legislation there are 5 types of Public Warning Service (PWS) messages one can receive on the mobile device. They're grouped into Cell Broadcast headings and channels, and include:

  • Extreme threats: Classified as threats to your life and property, like an impending catastrophic weather event (hurricane, tsunami, typhoon, flooding), disease epidemic warnings or terrorist attacks.[4]
  • Severe threats: Less serious than the extreme threats, these could be the same types of situations, but on a smaller scale — stay safe, but no need to pack up the car and head for the hills.
  • EU-Amber, AMBER alerts: These are specific alerts aimed at locating a missing child.
  • EU-Info, Public Safety Messages to convey essential, recommended actions that can save lives or property (e.g. emergency shelter locations or a boil water order).
  • EU-Exercise, Test messages for national/regional/local purposes.

In countries that have selected Cell Broadcast as the technology to submit public warning messages up to 70%- 85% of the population older than 12 year receive the public warning verification message within seconds after the government authorities have submitted the message. See as an example Emergency Mobile Alert (New Zealand), NL-Alert (Netherlands) and Wireless Emergency Alerts (USA). Cell Broadcast is since 2012 supported by the default messaging app in Android, IOS and Windows 10.

EU Legislation

As per 11 December 2018 the Council of the European Union has adopted the new Directive on European Electronic Communications Code (EECC)[5]. Under the new Directive, all EU member states will also have to set up a public warning system to protect citizens. This system will send alerts to all citizens and visitors mobile phones in a specific area in the event of a natural disaster, terrorist attack or other major emergency in their area.

The mandatory implementation of the public warning system will have to be in place by 21 June 2022 for each EU member state (Full text of the European Electronic Communications Code).

Requirements under the Legislation: According to the directive a Public Warning System (PWS) must be able to:

  • Target the affected population by specific geography so as not to cause widespread panic
  • Reach a high percentage of people in the targeted area, not just residents but roaming visitors using their native language
  • Send messages in real-time, within seconds and with a high degree of reliability
  • Send message without the need for the public to have to opt-in
  • The transmission of public warning messages should be free of charge for end-users not just residents but also roaming visitors

BEREC guidelines

According to the Article 110(2) EECC, by 21 June 2020, BEREC must publish guidelines on how to assess whether the effectiveness of public warning systems under Article 110(2) EECC is equivalent to the effectiveness of those systems under the Article 110(1) EECC.

Alternative solutions

Possible alternative for EU-Alert to use other electronic communications services, such as location based SMS or apps. However, several conditions must be met according to the new European Electronic Communications Code Legislation:

  • As efficient as network-based technologies
  • Reception of the alert should be easy
  • Information to all visitors entering the country
  • Transmission of the alert is free to the user
  • Comply with privacy rules

Downloadable Mobile Applications

There are several downloadable mobile applications on the market that often warn on natural catastrophes; however, these are often not of official, but part of private initiatives that replicate information from state agencies.[6]

All downloadable mobile applications have the issue that they are highly affected by traffic load as they require mobile data usage; therefore, especially in case of a disaster when load spikes of data (Social media, Voice and Mobile app) tend to significantly slowdown mobile networks, as multiple events showed e.g. 2016 Brussels bombings, November 2015 Paris attacks, 2017 London Bridge attack, Manchester Arena bombing, 2017 Stockholm attack and 2016 Munich shooting.

Moreover downloadable Mobile Apps needs to be downloaded by subscribers and the experience over the years in many countries is that only a fraction of the population will take the effort to download and use an Emergency Mobile app that is only activated a few times in a year. Examples are in Germany with 1.500.000 downloads of the Katwarn and NINA mobile application [7] reaching a maximum of 2.5M people in Germany (<3% of the German population) and France only 500.000 downloads of the SAIP mobile application (<1% of the French population) despite large investments in application development and marketing. In France because of the limited success of the downloadable Mobile App SAIP (Système d’Alerte et d’Information des Populations) the service has been stopped as of June 2018 [8].[9]

Location based SMS

As far as the network and the end user is concerned, a Location-Based-SMS (LB-SMS) message is simply a normal SMS message which is sent to a subset of the Mobile Network’s attached devices, which happen to be in a particular geographical area. In order to achieve this for some mobile network topologies however, the network must maintain a database of all mobile devices in the target location for potential Public Warning Service messages. In other words, for all areas that the Mobile anticipates potentially delivering LB-SMS messages into, a list of all users currently located in those areas must be kept up to date at all times.

While mobile networks require knowledge of subscribers’ locations for normal operation, this is usually not maintained at all times at the granularity of the single cell level. Therefore, an LB-SMS implementation will usually require the deployment of a Mobile Location Cente (MLC). The methods used by the MLC to track mobile devices as they move around the network are not standardised and are subject to a certain level of inaccuracy. Some MLCs track device location to the cell level, whereas other MLC providers claim to fix device location to a greater level of accuracy. Depending on the level of location granularity stored in the MLC, the precision of targeting will vary. There may be privacy implications in tracking user locations in this manner that should be considered.

Aside from the location specific aspect, the principle difference between CB and LB-SMS services is that the mobile network for location based SMS must carry each recipient’s message separately, since the SMS standards do not have a ‘one-to-many’ or a broadcast capability.

Based upon last years experience the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency concluded in a report published in May 2018 [10] that in case of serious events it's extremely unlikely that Public Warning Messages via SMS will work and will be delivered in a timely manner (less than 1 minute).

Disadvantages

Disadvantages to use location based SMS in national public warning systems are:

  • No international recognized telecommunication standardization body has defined or will define a standard for location based SMS for Public Warning Services.
  • Scalability. While mobile networks are dimensioned to carry millions of messages per day, MNOs assume a relatively flat distribution across the network in terms of both time and location. In other words the average number of messages per second in a given cell is relatively low even in a busy network. In some alerting use cases however (for example notifying all users in a particular area by SMS) it would be possible for the radio access network to be flooded by SMS messages. In this case, messages which cannot be delivered on the first attempt are usually queued up on the MNO SMSC for further delivery attempts. In the worst case, the mobile network could take hours to deliver all queued warning messages.
  • Delivery time of Location Based SMS warning messages to groups of people in the Geo-target area are long and are depending on the number of people present in the area, it can take up to several hours to reach 300.000 people in a city e.g. in the May 2018 Sweden case [11] and in the September 2019 Portugal case [12].
  • Due to the nature of international SMS routing (SMS Home routing). It should also be noted that LB SMS messages will often not reach inbound roamers as delivery of Short code based messages abroad are blocked by the home operator due to roaming charging agreement (AA19).
  • The granularity of an LB-SMS warning message will depend on the accuracy of the MLC in the MNOs network, usually a single cell which has radius between 3 KM and 25 KM.
  • LB-SMS warning messages will not produce notifications sounds or a ringtone and vibration different than an ordinary SMS message, thus end users could easily overlook warning messages.
  • LB SMS messages can be easily faked and would require the deployment of security devices e.g. SMS firewall on each mobile operator international SS7 signaling links.
  • When sending an LB-SMS a delivery receipt could be requested upon message submission to the MNOs SMSC. This receipt provides information about the delivery of the message to the end user device only, with no indication whether the message has been read or not. However, these delivery receipt messages may increase the network load for a given alerting event, the impact of which should be considered.
gollark: Also Germany, they're apparently doing decently.
gollark: New Zealand?
gollark: I'm not sure about half, but definitely a bunch of Europan countries.
gollark: Sure, why not.
gollark: Which is the column beside it, with the asterisk.

See also

References
  1. "Technical specification ETSI TS 102 900 V1.3.1" (PDF). ETSI EMTEL. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  2. "Sperimentazione IT-Alert". Protezione Civile. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  3. "Toxins released in fire at Venlo Business Park". NL Times. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  4. "EU reaches agreement on European public warning solution". European Emergency Number Association. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  5. "Directive (EU) 2018/1972 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code". European Union. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  6. "Alert SA scrapped by State Government after failure during catastrophic fire conditions". ABC News. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  7. "Warning: you will not be warned". Frankfurter Allgemeine Digital. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  8. "French Government abandons SAIP alert app". Le Monde. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  9. "SAIP the french alert app shuts down". Rude Baguette. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  10. "Report Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency on how SMS in Public Warning has been handled in current events" (PDF). Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  11. "Telco's explain why SMS warning messages are delayed". GMA news online. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  12. "Portuguese Civil Protection location based SMS campaign reached 6 million people in 2 hours". noticiasao minuto.com. Retrieved 5 September 2019.

Sources
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