Calcium sulfite

Calcium sulfite, or calcium sulphite, is a chemical compound, the calcium salt of sulfite with the formula CaSO3·x(H2O). Two crystalline forms are known, the hemihydrate and the tetrahydrate, respectively CaSO3·½(H2O) and CaSO3·4(H2O).[1] All forms are white solids. It is most notable as the product of flue-gas desulfurization.

Calcium sulfite
Names
IUPAC name
Calcium sulfite
Other names
Sulfurous acid, calcium salt (1:1)
E226
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.529
EC Number
  • 233-596-8
E number E226 (preservatives)
UNII
Properties
CaSO3
Molar mass 120.17 g/mol
Appearance White solid
Melting point 600 °C (1,112 °F; 873 K)
4.3 mg/100 mL (18 °C)
Hazards
Flash point Non-flammable
Related compounds
Other anions
 Calcium sulfate
Other cations
 Sodium sulfite
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Production
Main article: Flue-gas desulfurization

It is produced on a large scale by flue gas desulfurization (FGD). When coal or other fossil fuel is burned, the byproduct is known as flue gas. Flue gas often contains SO2, whose emission is often regulated to prevent acid rain. Sulfur dioxide is scrubbed before the remaining gases are emitted through the chimney stack. An economical way of scrubbing SO2 from flue gases is by treating the effluent with Ca(OH)2 hydrated lime or CaCO3 limestone.[2]

Scrubbing with limestone follows the following idealized reaction:

SO2 + CaCO3 → CaSO3 + CO2

Scrubbing with hydrated lime follows the following idealized reaction:[3][4]

SO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaSO3 + H2O

The resulting calcium sulfite oxidizes in air to give gypsum:

O2 + 2 CaSO3 → 2 CaSO4

The gypsum, if sufficiently pure, is marketable as a building material.

Uses

Drywall

Calcium sulfite is generated as the intermediate in the production of gypsum, which is the main component of drywall. A typical US home contains 7 metric tons of such drywall gypsum board.[5]

Food additive

As a food additive it is used as a preservative under the E number E226. Along with other antioxidant sulfites, it is commonly used in preserving wine, cider, fruit juice, canned fruit and vegetables. Sulfites are strong reducers in solution, they act as oxygen scavenger antioxidants to preserve food, but labeling is required as some individuals might be hypersensitive.

Wood pulp production

Chemical wood pulping is the removal of cellulose from wood by dissolving the lignin that binds the cellulose together. Calcium sulfite can be used in the production of wood pulp through the sulfite process, as an alternative to the Kraft process that uses hydroxides and sulfides instead of sulfites. Calcium sulfite was used, but has been largely replaced by magnesium and sodium sulfites and bisulfites to attack the lignin.[6]

Gypsum

There is a possibility to use calcium sulfite to produce gypsum by oxidizing (adding O2) it in water mixture with the manganese (Mn2+) cation or sulfuric acid catalyzers.[7][8]

Structure

The structure of calcium sulfite has been examined by X-ray crystallography.[9] These studies show that sulfite anion adopts its characteristic pyramidal geometry. The Ca2+ centers have high coordination numbers, being bonded to the sulfite oxygen atoms and the water, giving calcium a coordination number of eight. The tetrahydrate crystallizes as a solid solution of Ca3(SO3)2(SO4).12H2O and Ca3(SO3)2(SO3).12H2O. The mixed sulfite-sulfate represents an intermediate in the oxidation of the sulfite to the sulfate, as is practiced in the production of gypsum. This solid solution consists of [Ca3(SO3)2(H2O)12]2+ cations and either sulfite or sulfate as the anion.[1][10]

Structure of the [Ca3(SO3)2(H2O)12]2+ in calcium sulfite tetrahydrate.
gollark: Go is kind of like YAML with the whole "simple" thing - it kind of *looks* simple and easy, but it's a minefield of special cases and weirdness and problems and all the special cases make it more complex than something actually designed to be simple would be.
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gollark: Also, you end up with a mess of fragile infrastructure which operates on stringy representations of the code.
gollark: I can either:- use `interface{}` - lose type safety and performance- codegen a different `Tree` type for every use of it - now I can't really put it in its own library and it's generally inelegant and unpleasant

See also

References
  1. Abraham Cohen; Mendel Zangen (1984). "Studies On Alkaline Earth Sulfites. Structure and Stability of the New Compound Ca3(SO3)2SO4.12H2O and Its Solid Solution In Calcium Sulfite Tetrahydrate". Chemistry Letters. 13 (7): 1051–1054. doi:10.1246/cl.1984.1051.
  2. Wirsching, Franz (2000). "Calcium Sulfate". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_555.
  3. Hudson, JL (1980). Sulfur Oxidation in Scrubber Systems. University of Virginia.
  4. Miller, Bruce (2004). Coal Energy Systems. Elsevier Science Technology. pp. 294–299.
  5. "USGS Gypsum Statistics and Information". USGS. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  6. Ropp, Richard (2013). Encyclopedia of the Alkaline Earth Compounds. Elsevier Science Technology. pp. 145–148.
  7. Li, Yuran; Zhou, Jinting; Zhu, Tingyu; Jing, Pengfei (2014-02-01). "Calcium Sulfite Oxidation and Crystal Growth in the Process of Calcium Carbide Residue to Produce Gypsum". Waste and Biomass Valorization. 5 (1): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s12649-013-9206-2. ISSN 1877-2641.
  8. "How can we convert calcium sulfite into calcium sulfate after..." ResearchGate. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  9. Yasue, Tamotsu; Arai, Yasuo (1986). "Crystal structure of calcium sulfite". Gypsum & Lime (Jap. Language). 203: 235–44.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  10. Matsuno, Takashi; Takayanagi, Hiroaki; Furuhata, Kimio; Koishi, Masumi; Ogura, Haruo (1984). "The crystal structure of calcium sulfite hemihydrate". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 57 (4): 1155–6. doi:10.1246/bcsj.57.1155.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
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