Duggirala Gopalakrishnayya

Duggirala Gopalakrishnayya (2 June 1889 – 10 June 1928) was an Indian freedom fighter and member of the Indian National Congress from the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Known by his title of Andhra Ratna, Gopalakrishnayya was the first Andhra leader to become secretary of the All India Congress Committee.[1]

Duggirala Gopalakrishnayya
Born2 June 1889
Penuganchiprolu in Krishna District of present day Andhra Pradesh
Died10 June 1928(1928-06-10) (aged 39)
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
Other namesAndhra Ratna
EducationM.A., The University of Edinburgh
Alma materThe University of Edinburgh
OrganizationRama Dandu, Indian National Congress
MovementIndian independence movement

Early life and education

Gopalakrishnayya was born in Penuganchiprolu in the Nandigama taluk of Krishna District in 1889 in a Brahmin family.[2] His father, Kodandaramaswamy, was a school teacher but came from a family of landlords from Guntur and his mother Sitamma died soon after giving birth to him, her only child. Gopalkrishnayya's father remarried but died when he was still young and he was raised by his uncle and grandmother.[3][4] He did his schooling from the Bapatla Municipal High School and worked for a year at the Bapatla taluk office after completing his matriculation.[1] In 1911 he chose go to the University of Edinburgh along with his childhood friend Sri Nadimpalli Narasimha Rao (Barrister of Guntur) where he lived for six years and earned a postgraduate degree in economics.[3][5]

Freedom fighter

Gopalakrishnayya returned to Guntur in 1917 and worked as a teacher Government College at Rajahmundry and at the National College at Machilipatnam but he also became involved in Annie Besant's Home Rule Movement. In 1919 he gave up his teaching career to become a full-time political activist.[3] He attended the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress in 1920 where he was attracted to the idea of non-cooperation that the Congress endorsed.[6]

Rama Dandu

Gopalakrishnayya was a devotee of the Hindu deity Rama and he organised a cadre of workers whom he called Rama Dandu (meaning Rama's Army) to work for the cause of swaraj. In 1921 the Congress held its annual session at Bezwada (or Vijayawada) where the Rama Dandu played a prominent role in organising it. Members of the Dandu wore saffron clothes and donned rudraksha beads and vermilion and they participated in the meeting in large numbers. Mohammed Ali, the president of the session, was impressed enough to call it the Red Army of India.[6][7][8]

Chirala anti-tax agitation

Gopalakrishnayya is perhaps best known for the anti-tax satyagraha he led in Chirala during the Non-Cooperation Movement. The satyagraha had its roots in the decision of the colonial government of the Madras Presidency to combine the villages of Chirala and Perala in Guntur district into a municipality. While the villages yielded an annual tax of revenue of ₹4000 per annum, their reclassification as a municipal area would yield the government a revenue of ₹40,000 per annum. The move was opposed by the residents as it would impose a greater tax burden on them. The government however chose to press ahead with its decision prompting the municipal council to resign en masse. In January 1921 the residents decided not to pay the taxes and the government in response clamped down by arresting, prosecuting and sentencing several of the protesters to imprisonment.[6][9]

Following the Bezwada Congress session, Mahatma Gandhi visited Chirala where Gopalakrishnayya sought his advice on the future course of action. Gandhi advised the continuation of a nonviolent struggle and the mass movement of people residing in the municipal area to regions beyond town limits as this would also render a depopulated municipality meaningless. Heeding Gandhi's advice, Gopalakrishnayya, in April 1921, led the residents of Chirala town to move out of the town and set up temporary settlements beyond town limits. Nearly 13,000 out of the town's total population of 15,000 responded to his call and shifted to a new settlement called Ramanagar where he set up an assembly comprising members from all castes and a court of arbitration. Gopalakrishnayya and the Rama Dandu worked to keep up the morale of the people and this establishment continued for a period of eleven months. Ultimately a combination of dwindling finances, the arrest and imprisonment of Gopalakrishnayya at Trichnopoly and the absence of leaders to continue the struggle in the absence of Gopalakrishnayya led to the winding up of Ramanagara.[6][8][10]

Swarajya Party

Following the withdrawal of the Non Cooperation Movement, dissension spread across the Congress party on the issue of its future course of action. When C R Das and Motilal Nehru founded the Swarajya Party in 1925, Gopalakrishnayya joined it and became one of its secretaries from Andhra.[11] For his work with Rama Dandu and the establishment of Ramanagar, he came to be known as Ramadas and as a leader of the Swarajya Party he would sometimes introduce himself with a tinge of humour as C R Das or Chirala Rama Das.[5]

Literature

Gopalakrishnayya was a polyglot fluent in Sanskrit, Telugu, Hindi and English and an extempore composer of verse. He was a powerful orator and set up the Andhra Vidya Peetha Gosthi, a literary society but gave primacy to his political career over his literary talents.[7] During his years in England, Gopalakrishnayya became friends with Ananda Coomaraswamy with whom he translated the Abhinayadarpana of Nandikesvara into English as The Mirror of Gesture.[12][13] He was a mentor to the Telugu writer Abburi Ramakrishna Rau and had a strong influence on the poet B Sundararama Sastri.[7][14]

Family

Gopalakrishnayya married Durga Bhavani Amma as a 14-year-old in 1903.[15]

Death and commemoration

Gopalakrishnayya was diagnosed with advanced tuberculosis in 1926 and spent much of his last days in poverty and suffering. He died on 10 June 1928, aged 39.[2][16] He is known by the title Andhra Ratna (or Jewel of Andhra).[2][5]

The Congress Party's headquarters in Vijayawada, the Andhra Ratna Bhavan, is named after Gopalakrishnayya.[17][18] There are biographies of his by Chalapathi Rao and K Kutumbasastri.[19][20] A bronze statue of his, unveiled by K Kamaraj, stands in Chirala.[5]

gollark: If a vaccine caused 0.1% of people who took it to die or something, this would have shown up in the clinical trials.
gollark: Is there though? These ones have also somehow become a political issue.
gollark: With how many people are slightly irritated frequently by colds, a vaccine for them would be very good if it did exist.
gollark: Can you use stigma to just mean "bad thing" like that?
gollark: Impressive garden path sentence however.

References
  1. "'Duggirala Gopalakrishna a true Gandhian'". The Hindu. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  2. "PLACES AND PEOPLE ASSOCIATED WITH FREEDOM MOVEMENT AND FREEDOM FIGHTERS" (PDF). Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  3. Stoddart, Brian (2011). A People's Collector in the British Raj: Arthur Galletti. New Delhi: Readworthy Publications. pp. 155–156. ISBN 9789350180419.
  4. Rao, Gummidithala Venkata Subba (1967). Sree Gopalakrishnayya. Goshti Book-House. p. 1.
  5. Rao, P. Rajeswar (1991). The Great Indian Patriots, Volume 1. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 128–131. ISBN 9788170992806.
  6. Bhatt, S C (2006). Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: Andhra Pradesh (Volume 2). New Delhi: Kalpaz Publication. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9788178353586.
  7. Rao, E. Nageswara (2002). Abburi Ramakrishna Rau. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9788126010707.
  8. "Andhra Pradesh: Modern Period - Freedom Struggle". Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  9. "Chirala - Prakasam, Andhra Pradesh". Financial Express. 11 August 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  10. "FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN ANDHRA PRADESH". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  11. Innaiah, Narisetti. Political History of Andhra Pradesh :1909-2009 (PDF). pp. 28–29.
  12. Liyanage, Saumya. "Stillness, self-cultivation, and body-mind oneness in Asian actor learning". Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  13. Krishnan, Hari. "Inscribing Practice' Reconfigurations and Textualizations of Devadasi Repertoire in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-century South India" (PDF). Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  14. Lal, Mohan (1992). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. p. 4220.
  15. Rao, I. V. Chalapati (1988). Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah. International Telugu Centre, Telugu University. p. 6.
  16. Rao, Gummidithala Venkata Subba (1967). Sree Gopalakrishnayya. Goshti Book-House. p. 213.
  17. Naidu, CH. M. (1986). Salt Satyagraha in the Coastal Andhra. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 92.
  18. "Of political parties and their offices". The Hindu. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  19. Rao, I. V. Chalapati. Duggirala Gopala Krishnaiah. International Telugu Centre, Telugu University. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  20. Kutumbasastri, Karlapalemu. Andhraratna : Duggirala Gopalakrsna katha, Short biography of Duggirala Gopalakrishnayya, 1889-1928, a revolutionary from Andhra Pradesh. 'Telugu Velugu' Grandhamala. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
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