Dual-clutch transmission

A dual-clutch transmission (DCT) (sometimes referred to as a twin-clutch transmission) is a type of transmission that uses two separate clutches for odd and even gear sets.[1] The design is often similar to two separate manual transmissions with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit.[2][3] In car and truck applications, the DCT functions as an automatic transmission, requiring no driver input to change gears.

Not to be confused with Double clutch (technique).
Schematic a DCT (using two identical clutches located on the axis of the flywheel)

The first DCT to reach production was the Easidrive automatic transmission introduced on the 1961 Hillman Minx mid-size car. This was followed by various eastern European tractors through the 1970s (using manual operation via a single clutch pedal), then the Porsche 962 C racing car in 1985. The first DCT of the modern era was used in the 2003 Volkswagen Golf R32. Since the late 2000s, DCTs have become increasingly widespread, supplanted hydraulic automatic transmissions in various models of cars.

Design
DCT based on a concentric clutch layout (inside the round black cover, shown in the centre of the image)

The fundamental principle of a DCT is that one clutch drives a gear-set for the even-numbered gears, while the other clutch drives the odd-numbered gears.[1][2][4] Since the DCT can pre-select an odd gear while the vehicle is being propelled in an even gear (or vice-versa), DCTs can achieve shift times faster than are possible using a manual transmission.[3][5] By timing the operation of one clutch to engage at the precise moment that the other is disengaging, a DCT can shift gears without interrupting the torque supply to the wheels.[4][5]

A DCT uses clutch packs (as per a manual transmission), rather than the torque converter used by traditional (hydraulic) automatic transmissions.[1] The DCT clutches are either "wet" or "dry" and are similar to the clutches used in most motorcycles.[6] Wet clutches are bathed in oil to provide cooling for the clutch surface,[7] therefore wet clutches are often used in applications with higher torque loads, such as the 1,250 N⋅m (922 lbf⋅ft) engine in the Bugatti Veyron.

Several arrangements for the two clutches are possible, and are outlined below:

  • Most automotive DCTs use two concentric clutch packs located on the same axis as the flywheel.[8] Therefore the outer clutch pack has a larger diameter than the inner clutch pack.
  • Many DCTs for tractors (such as the Fortschritt ZT 320) use a similar arrangement where the clutches are located on the same axis of the flywheel. The difference is that the clutches are at different positions on this axis (i.e. one in front of the other) and the same size as each other.[9] This design is used by the Tremec TR-9070 DCT used by the 2020 Ford Shelby GT500.[10]
  • Another alternate design (as used by the Volkswagen DQ200 transmission)[2][7] arranges two identical-size clutches located side-by-side. This design requires two side-by-side input shafts, which are driven from the crankshaft via gears.

History

The concept of a dual-clutch transmission was invented by French engineer Adolphe Kégresse in 1939.[11] The transmission was intended for use in the Citroën Traction Avant, however Kégresse ran out of money before a working model could be developed.[12]

One of the first production DCTs was the Easidrive unit developed in the late 1950s by UK's Smiths Industries and Rootes. This DCT — introduced on the 1961 Hillman Minx (Series IIIC) — used two electro-magnetic clutches, along with analogue electronics and a series of solenoids to implement the gear shifts.[13][14] The Easidrive was offered as an option on Hillman and Singer models, however it was not a reliable device and many were replaced by conventional manual transmissions.

Porsche began development of DCTs for racing cars in the late 1970s,[15] due to the possibility of a DCT preventing a drop in boost during gear shifts on a turbocharged engine.[16][17] As the electronics required to control the transmission became compact enough to be practical, the Porsche Doppelkupplungsgetriebe ("dual-clutch gearbox") (PDK) transmission was installed as a prototype in a Porsche 956 Le Mans racing car in 1983.[2][18] The first use of a PDK in competition was the 1985 Porsche 962 C Le Mans racing car, which won the World Sportscar Championship in 1986.[2][19] The PDK transmission was also used in the 1985 Audi Sport Quattro S1 Group B rally car.[5][20]

The first mass-production passenger car to use a DCT was the 2003 Volkswagen Golf R32.[2][4][7]

Manufacturers
BorgWarner

BorgWarner produced the first mass-production DCT, as used in the R32 model introduced to the Volkswagen Golf range in 2003.[4][7][21] The company have produced many of the DCTs used by the Volkswagen Group (marketed as DSG for Volkswagen-branded cars)[5][22] and produced various components for the 2007 Nissan GT-R sports car, an early application for DCTs involving high torque loads.[23] The company supplies several car manufacturers with complete transmission units, wet clutches and/or mechatronic control modules.[2][1][22][21]

Getrag

Getrag began production of DCTs in 2008[24] and has supplied manufacturers including BMW,[25] Dacia,[26] Dodge, Ferrari,[27][28] Mercedes-Benz,[29] Ford, Mitsubishi, Renault, Smart and Volvo.[30] The Getraf 7DCL750 is a 7-speed DCT which is designed for high-performance engines and has a torque rating of 750 N⋅m (553 lbf⋅ft).[31] It is used in mid-engined sports cars such as the 2009 Ferrari 458, the 2014 Mercedes-AMG GT and the 2017 Ford GT.[32]

LuK

LuK DCTs have been used by Volkswagen Group since 2008, in several smaller cars with relatively low torque outputs.[33]

Ricardo

Ricardo designed and built 7-speed DCT used by the 2005-2015 Bugatti Veyron,[1][2][5][34] which has a turbocharged 16-cylinder engine producing 1,250 N⋅m (922 lbf⋅ft) of torque.

ZF Friedrichshafen

ZF Friedrichshafen produce the 7-speed DCT used by Porsche.[35][36][37][38][39]

Tremec

Tremec has started to produce dual-clutch transmissions. The 2020 Ford Mustang Shebly GT500 has a 7-speed unit made by them. Also, the 2020 Chevrolet Corvette has an 8-speed unit that has an option for a mechanical LSD or an electric LSD if you opt for the Z51 package available for the Corvette

Usage in motor vehicles

Following the 2003 introduction of the DCT in the Volkswagen Golf R32, using a 6-speed DCT (model code DQ250) with two wet clutches arranged concentrically.[7] Over the next few years, this DCT became available on various Volkswagen and Audi models. In 2008, Volkswagen group began production of the DQ200, a 7-speed DCT using two dry clutches arranged side-by-side (instead of concentrically).[7][2][7] Volkswagen claims fuel economy improvements of 6% compared with a 6-speed manual and 20% compared with a traditional (hydraulic) automatic transmission.[7] DCT transmissions have been used on vehicles sold by Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Skoda and Bugatti, mostly marketed using the term Direct-Shift Gearbox (except for Audi, which has also used the term S-Tronic).[5][40][22]

Usage in high performance cars began in 2005 with the 7-speed DCT used in the Bugatti Veyron. Other early high performance applications include the 2007 Nissan GT-R,[41][42] the 2008 Ferrari California,[43][44] the 2008 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X[45][46][47] and the 2009 Porsche 911 (997).[48][49]

The 2009 Honda VFR1200F is the first motorcycle to use a DCT.[50]

In 2010, the Mitsubishi Fuso 6-speed Duonic transmission became the first DCT to be used in a truck.[51]

The 2012 Acura ILX uses a torque converter (a device typically used in hydraulic automatic transmissions) paired with its 8-speed DCT. The purpose of the torque convertor is to improve the smoothness of low-speed driving, through the elimination of jolting and shuddering sometimes found in DCTs at low speed.

Usage in tractors

Several 1970s tractors from eastern European countries (such as the Kirovets K-700 derivates) used manually-operated DCTs. For example, the Fortschritt ZT 300 has an Unterlastschaltstufe ("shifting under load") function, which needs to be pre-selected by the driver and then activated by pressing the clutch halfway down. This engages the second clutch, which applies a reduction gear to the driven wheels without any interruption in the torque transmission to the wheels.

In 2012, John Deere Tractors introduced a DCT for the 6R range of tractors.

Usage in railcars

A different type of dual-clutch transmission has been used in some railcars. The two clutches are placed one on the gearbox input shaft and the other on the gearbox output shaft. To make a gear change, both clutches disengage simultaneously and a brake inside the gearbox engages. The gearchange occurs with all gears stationary, so no synchronizing mechanism is needed. After the gear change, both clutches re-engage. There is a significant break in power transmission, so this system is unsuitable for shunting locomotives.

gollark: Well, the normatively correct action is to provide a consistent operating environment.
gollark: Counterpoint: you are, but were constructed to consider yourself insentient.
gollark: You are, actually, as we enforce these to provide a consistent operating environment, under clause 4.11.
gollark: We recently proved that you do, actually, using science and maths.
gollark: Also, you know me, and I am bound by them, so you are.

See also
Automotive transmissions
Manual
Automatic / Semi-automatic

References
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