Dewar benzene

Dewar benzene (also spelled dewarbenzene) or bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene is a bicyclic isomer of benzene with the molecular formula C6H6. The compound is named after James Dewar who included this structure in a list of possible C6H6 structures in 1867.[1] However, he did not propose it as the structure of benzene, and in fact he supported the correct structure previously proposed by August Kekulé in 1865.[2]

Dewar benzene

The conjoined cyclobutene rings of Dewar benzene form an obtuse angle.
Names
IUPAC name
Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
Properties
C6H6
Molar mass 78.1 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Structure and properties

Unlike benzene, Dewar benzene is not flat because the carbons where the rings join are bonded to four atoms rather than three. These carbons tend toward tetrahedral geometry, and the two cyclobutene rings make an angle where they are cis-fused to each other. The compound has nevertheless considerable strain energy and reverts to benzene with a chemical half-life of two days. This thermal conversion is relatively slow because it is symmetry forbidden based on orbital symmetry arguments.[3]

Synthesis

The compound itself was first synthesized in 1962 as a tert-butyl derivative[4] and then as the unsubstituted compound by Eugene van Tamelen in 1963 by photolysis of the cis-1,2-dihydro derivative of phthalic anhydride followed by oxidation with lead tetraacetate.[5][6]

"Dewar benzene" and benzene

It is sometimes incorrectly claimed that Dewar proposed his structure as the true structure of benzene. In fact, Dewar merely wrote the structure as one of seven possible isomers[1] and believed that his experiments on benzene supported the (correct) structure that had been proposed by Kekulé.[2]

After the development of valence bond theory in 1928, benzene was described primarily using its two major resonance contributors, the two Kekulé structures. The three possible Dewar structures were considered as minor resonance contributors in the overall description of benzene, alongside other classic structures such as the isomers prismane, benzvalene and Claus' benzene. Prismane and benzvalene were synthesized in the 1970s; Claus' benzene is impossible to synthesize.[7]

Hexamethyl Dewar benzene

Hexamethyl Dewar benzene has been prepared by bicyclotrimerization of dimethylacetylene with aluminium chloride.[8] It undergoes a rearrangement reaction with hydrohalic acids to which the appropriate salt can be added to form the organometallic pentamethylcyclopentadienyl rhodium dichloride[9][10][11][12] and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl iridium dichloride dimers;[13] consequently, it can be used as a starting material for synthesising some pentamethylcyclopentadienyl organometallic compounds[14][15] including [Cp*Rh(CO)2].[16] Attempting a similar reaction with potassium tetrachloroplatinate results in the formation of a pentamethylcyclopentadiene complex, [(η4-Cp*H)PtCl2], indicating that the rhodium and iridium metal centres are necessary for the step in which the aromatic anion is formed.[12]

Synthesis of the rhodium(III) dimer [Cp*RhCl2]2 from hexamethyl Dewar benzene

One of the alkenes can be epoxidized using mCPBA,[17] peroxybenzoic acid,[18] or dimethyldioxirane (DMDO).[19] Using a peracid (mCPBA or peroxybenzoic acid), the epoxy product quickly rearranges, catalyzed by the acid byproduct of the epoxidation.[17]

Using DMDO gives the epoxide as a stable product—the byproduct of the epoxidation is neutral acetone. By varying the amount of DMDO, either the mono- or diepoxide can be formed, with the oxygen atoms exo on the bicyclic carbon framework.[19]

In 1973, the dication of hexamethylbenzene, C
6(CH
3)2+
6, was produced by Hepke Hogeveen and Peter Kwant.[20] This can be done by dissolving the hexamethyl Dewar benzene monoepoxide in magic acid, which removes the oxygen as an anion.[21] NMR had previously hinted at a pentagonal pyramidal structure in a related cation[22] as had spectral data on the Hogeveen and Kwant dication.[23][24] The pyramidal structure having an apex carbon bonding to six other carbon atoms was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the hexafluoroantimonate salt published in 2016.[21]

Left: Structure of C
6(CH
3)2+
6, as drawn by Steven Bachrach[25]
Right: Three-dimensional representation of the dication's rearranged pentagonal-pyramid framework, from the crystal structure[21]

Computational organic chemist Steven Bachrach discussed the dication, noting that the weak bonds forming the upright edges of the pyramid, shown as dashed lines in the structure he drew, have a Wiberg bond order of about 0.54; it follows that the total bond order for the apical carbon is 5 × 0.54 + 1 = 3.7 < 4, and thus the species is not hypervalent, but it is hypercoordinate.[25] From the perspective of organometallic chemistry, the species can be viewed as having a carbon(IV) centre (C4+
) bound to an aromatic η5–pentamethylcyclopentadienyl anion (six-electron donor) and a methyl anion (two-electron donor), thereby satisfying the octet rule[26] and being analogous to the gas-phase organozinc monomer [(η5
–C
5(CH
3)
5)Zn(CH
3)], which has the same ligands bound to a zinc(II) centre (Zn2+
) and satisfies the 18 electron rule on the metal.[27][28] Thus, while unprecedented,[21] and having attracted comment in Chemical & Engineering News,[29] New Scientist,[30] Science News,[31] and ZME Science,[32] the structure is consistent with the usual bonding rules of chemistry. Moritz Malischewski, who carried out the work with Konrad Seppelt,[21] commented that one the motivations for undertaking the work was to illustrate "the possibility to astonish chemists about what can be possible."[30]

gollark: 1. Lack of generics mean that you can either pick abstraction or type safety. Not a nice choice to have to make.2. The language is horrendously verbose and discourages abstraction.3. Weird special cases - make, new, some stuff having generics, channel syntax4. It's not new. They just basically took C, added a garbage collector and concurrency, and called it amazing.5. Horrible dependency management with GOPATH though they are fixing that.
gollark: <@301092081827577866> I have reasons for bashing Go. Several reasons.
gollark: It is?
gollark: BuRrItOs™™™
gollark: MoNaDs ArE bUrRiToS

References
  1. Dewar, James (1867). "On the Oxidation af Phenyl Alcohol, and a Mechanical Arrangement adapted to illustrate Structure in the Non-saturated Hydrocarbons". Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 6: 82–86. doi:10.1017/S0370164600045387.
  2. Baker, Wilson; Rouvray, Dennis H. (1978). "Para-Bond or "Dewar" Benzene?". J. Chem. Educ. 55 (10): 645. doi:10.1021/ed055p645.
  3. Jensen, James O. (2004). "Vibrational Frequencies and Structural Determination of Dewar Benzene". J. Mol. Struct.:THEOCHEM. 680 (1–3): 227–236. doi:10.1016/j.theochem.2004.03.042.
  4. van Tamelen, Eugene E.; Pappas, S. P. (1962). "Chemistry of Dewar Benzene. 1,2,5-Tri-t-Butylbicyclo[2.2.0]Hexa-2,5-Diene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84 (19): 3789–3791. doi:10.1021/ja00878a054.
  5. van Tamelen, Eugene E.; Pappas, S. P. (1963). "Bicyclo [2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85 (20): 3297–3298. doi:10.1021/ja00903a056.
  6. van Tamelen, Eugene E.; Pappas, S. P.; Kirk, K. L. (1971). "Valence Bond Isomers of Aromatic Systems. Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-dienes (Dewar benzenes)". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93 (23): 6092–6101. doi:10.1021/ja00752a021.
  7. Hoffmann, Roald; Hopf, Henning (2008). "Learning from Molecules in Distress". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (24): 4474–4481. doi:10.1002/anie.200705775. PMID 18418829.
  8. Shama, Sami A.; Wamser, Carl C. (1990). "Hexamethyl Dewar Benzene". Organic Syntheses. 61: 62. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.061.0062.; Collective Volume, 7, p. 256
  9. Paquette, Leo A.; Krow, Grant R. (1968). "Electrophilic Additions to Hexamethyldewarbenzene". Tetrahedron Lett. 9 (17): 2139–2142. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)89761-0.
  10. Criegee, Rudolf; Grüner, H. (1968). "Acid-catalyzed Rearrangements of Hexamethyl-prismane and Hexamethyl-Dewar-benzene". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 7 (6): 467–468. doi:10.1002/anie.196804672.
  11. Herrmann, Wolfgang A.; Zybill, Christian (1996). "Bis{(μ-chloro)[chloro(η-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium]} — {Rh(μ-Cl)Cl[η-C5(CH3)5]}2". In Herrmann, Wolfgang A.; Salzer, Albrecht (eds.). Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 1: Literature, Laboratory Techniques, and Common Starting Materials. Georg Thieme Verlag. pp. 148–149. ISBN 9783131791610.
  12. Heck, Richard F. (1974). "Reactions of Dienes Trienes and Tetraenes with Transition Metal Compounds". Organotransition Metal Chemistry: A Mechanistic Approach. Academic Press. pp. 116–117. ISBN 9780323154703.
  13. Kang, Jung W.; Moseley, K.; Maitlis, Peter M. (1969). "Pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium and -iridium halides. I. Synthesis and properties". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (22): 5970–5977. doi:10.1021/ja01050a008.
  14. Kang, J. W.; Mosley, K.; Maitlis, Peter M. (1968). "Mechanisms of Reactions of Dewar Hexamethylbenzene with Rhodium and Iridium Chlorides". Chem. Commun. (21): 1304–1305. doi:10.1039/C19680001304.
  15. Kang, J. W.; Maitlis, Peter M. (1968). "Conversion of Dewar Hexamethylbenzene to Pentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium(III) Chloride". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (12): 3259–3261. doi:10.1021/ja01014a063.
  16. Herrmann, Wolfgang A.; Zybill, Christian (1996). "Dicarbonyl(η-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium — Rh[η-C5(CH3)5](CO)2". In Herrmann, Wolfgang A.; Salzer, Albrecht (eds.). Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry – Volume 1: Literature, Laboratory Techniques, and Common Starting Materials. Georg Thieme Verlag. pp. 147–148. ISBN 9783131791610.
  17. King, R. B.; Douglas, W. M.; Efraty, A. (1977). "5-Acetyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadiene". Organic Syntheses. 56: 1. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.056.0001.; Collective Volume, 6, p. 39
  18. Junker, Hans-Nikolaus; Schäfer, Wolfgang; Niedenbrück, Hans (1967). "Oxydationsreaktionen mit Hexamethyl-bicyclo[2.2.0]-hexadien-(2.5) (= Hexamethyl-Dewar-Benzol)" [Oxidation reactions with hexamethylbicyclo[2.2.0]-hexa-2,5-diene (= Hexamethyl Dewar Benzene)]. Chem. Ber. (in German). 100 (8): 2508–2514. doi:10.1002/cber.19671000807.
  19. Asouti, Amalia; Hadjiarapoglou, Lazaros P. (2000). "Regioselective and diastereoselective dimethyldioxirane epoxidation of substituted norbornenes and hexamethyl Dewar benzene". Tetrahedron Lett. 41 (4): 539–542. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(99)02113-9.
  20. Hogeveen, Hepke; Kwant, Peter W. (1973). "Direct observation of a remarkably stable dication of unusual structure: (CCH3)62⊕". Tetrahedron Lett. 14 (19): 1665–1670. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)96023-X.
  21. Malischewski, Moritz; Seppelt, Konrad (2016). "Crystal Structure Determination of the Pentagonal-Pyramidal Hexamethylbenzene Dication C6(CH3)62+". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56 (1): 368–370. doi:10.1002/anie.201608795. PMID 27885766.
  22. Paquette, Leo A.; Krow, Grant R.; Bollinger, J. Martin; Olah, George A. (1968). "Protonation of hexamethyl Dewar benzene and hexamethylprismane in fluorosulfuric acid – antimony pentafluoride – sulfur dioxide". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (25): 7147–7149. doi:10.1021/ja01027a060.
  23. Hogeveen, Hepke; Kwant, Peter W.; Postma, J.; van Duynen, P. Th. (1974). "Electronic spectra of pyramidal dications, (CCH3)62+ and (CCH)62+". Tetrahedron Lett. 15 (49–50): 4351–4354. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)92161-6.
  24. Hogeveen, Hepke; Kwant, Peter W. (1974). "Chemistry and spectroscopy in strongly acidic solutions. XL. (CCH3)62+, an unusual dication". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96 (7): 2208–2214. doi:10.1021/ja00814a034.
  25. Bachrach, Steven M. (January 17, 2017). "A six-coordinate carbon atom". comporgchem.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  26. Hogeveen, Hepke; Kwant, Peter W. (1975). "Pyramidal mono- and dications. Bridge between organic and organometallic chemistry". Acc. Chem. Res. 8 (12): 413–420. doi:10.1021/ar50096a004.
  27. Haaland, Arne; Samdal, Svein; Seip, Ragnhild (1978). "The molecular structure of monomeric methyl(cyclopentadienyl)zinc, (CH3)Zn(η-C5H5), determined by gas phase electron diffraction". J. Organomet. Chem. 153 (2): 187–192. doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)85041-X.
  28. Elschenbroich, Christoph (2006). "Organometallic Compounds of Groups 2 and 12". Organometallics (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 59–85. ISBN 9783527805143.
  29. Ritter, Stephen K. (December 19, 2016). "Six bonds to carbon: Confirmed". Chem. Eng. News. 94 (49): 13. Archived from the original on January 9, 2017.
  30. Boyle, Rebecca (January 14, 2017). "Carbon seen bonding with six other atoms for the first time". New Scientist (3108). Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
  31. Hamers, Laurel (December 24, 2016). "Carbon can exceed four-bond limit". Science News. 190 (13): 17. Archived from the original on February 3, 2017.
  32. Puiu, Tibi (January 5, 2017). "Exotic carbon molecule has six bonds, breaking the four-bond limit". zmescience.com. ZME Science. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
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