Death Certificate (album)

Death Certificate is the second studio album by American rapper Ice Cube, released on October 29, 1991 by Lench Mob Records and Priority Records. It was highly anticipated with over one million advanced orders.[1] The album was certified platinum in sales on December 20, 1991.[2]

Death Certificate
Studio album by Ice Cube
Released	October 29, 1991
Recorded	1991
Genre	West Coast hip hop gangsta rap political hip hop hardcore hip hop
Length	1:01:08
Label	Lench Mob Priority
Producer	Sir Jinx Ice Cube (also exec.) DJ Pooh
Ice Cube chronology
Kill at Will (1990) Death Certificate (1991) The Predator (1992)
Singles from Death Certificate
"Steady Mobbin'" Released: August 9, 1991 "True to the Game" Released: September 14, 1992

Due to some of its racially and politically charged content, and Ice Cube's acerbic statements on drug dealing, racial profiling, and the right to keep and bear arms, Death Certificate was the source of both critical acclaim and much controversy upon its release.

In 2003, Priority Records re-released Death Certificate with the bonus track "How to Survive in South Central", which originally appeared on the Boyz n the Hood soundtrack. Death Certificate included the diss track "No Vaseline" which is a response to his former hip hop group N.W.A, and their album Niggaz4Life which included direct and indirect diss tracks and verses to Ice Cube. "No Vaseline" is considered to be one of the greatest diss tracks of all time due to its explicit and direct subject matter towards the members of the group.

The album was re-released for the 25th anniversary edition on June 9, 2017 by Interscope Records after Cube announced signing to the label in late May 2017.

Background

The recording and writing for Death Certificate began in early 1991, and carried on throughout most of the year. While making the album, as also heavily involved in several other projects, including Yo-Yo's debut album Make Way for the Motherlode, his younger cousin Del tha Funkee Homosapien's I Wish My Brother George Was Here, and perhaps more importantly, his film debut, Boyz n the Hood, in which he co-starred with Cuba Gooding, Jr. and Laurence Fishburne. Similar to AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted, Ice Cube was very active in the album's production, though the overall sound differed. Unlike AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted, which featured the Bomb Squad's hard edged beats, Death Certificate featured a slightly more West Coast-oriented sound in comparison, with heavy use of 70's Funk and Soul samples. A number of the tracks also use samples taken from acts such as Zapp (Ohio) and Fishbone (California).

Content

While making Death Certificate, Ice Cube was said to be affiliated with the Nation of Islam, which had a large impact on the majority of the album's content, although he has denied being part of the organization. Death Certificate was roughly organized as two thematic elements of a larger whole, and opens with Cube's explanation: "The Death Side: a mirror image of where we are today; The Life Side: a vision of where we need to go." The first half, therefore, is replete with the tales of drug dealing, whore-mongering and violence expected of a gangsta rap album in 1991.

The Death Side's "A Bird in the Hand" laments a young man's slide into a life of drug-dealing for economic survival.[3]

Do I have to sell me a whole lot of crack

For decent shelter and clothes on my back?

Or should I just wait for help from Bush?

Or Jesse Jackson and Operation PUSH?

The Life Side's "Black Korea" threatens rioting and arson alongside Black entrepreneurship as a response to the preponderance of Korean grocery stores in ghettos across the United States. The track was seen as a response to the death of Latasha Harlins, a 15-year-old African American girl who was shot to death by a Korean store owner on March 16, 1991 in an altercation over a bottle of orange juice.[4] Since the release of the track preceded the 1992 Los Angeles riots, in which many of the people targeted were of Korean descent, Ice Cube was accused of inciting racism by African Americans towards Asians.[5]

The track "Look Who's Burnin'" tells of the dangers of sexually transmitted infection in low income neighborhoods, while "Alive on Arrival" tells the story of a young man caught in the crossfire of a gang shootout who slowly bleeds to death while in a hospital waiting room, being questioned by police. "Color Blind" preaches neutrality and brotherhood between gangs, such as the Bloods and Crips. Although Ice Cube's previous album avoided direct attacks on N.W.A, Death Certificate contained "True to the Game" and most notably "No Vaseline,"[6] which were diss tracks aimed at his former bandmates.

Unlike Ice Cube's other albums, Death Certificate was not released in a censored version. The tracks "Steady Mobbin'," "True To The Game," and "Givin' up the Nappy Dug Out," were, however, recorded with clean lyrics and released for airplay.

Critical reception

Professional ratings

Review scores
Source	Rating
AllMusic	[7]
Chicago Sun-Times	[8]
Christgau's Consumer Guide	C+[9]
Entertainment Weekly	A−[10]
Los Angeles Times	[11]
Pitchfork	9.5/10[12]
Rolling Stone	[13]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide	[14]
Select	4/5[15]
The Source	4.5/5[16]

Death Certificate received critical acclaim. AllMusic called it "even harder and angrier than AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted ... It continues the sharp insights and unflinching looks at contemporary urban lifestyles that his solo debut only hinted at; in short, it's hardcore without any gangsta posturing." They also call it "funkier, noisier, and more musically effective (than AmeriKKKa)." Initially giving a four-and-a-half out of five "mic" rating,[16] The Source retrospectively awarded Death Certificate full marks in a list of "5 Mic Hip-Hop Classics", in its 150th issue.[17]

"His homophobia may be irksome," wrote Ted Kessler in Select, "but the shock value of these views has been blunted by lesser rappers. It's the sublime combination of '70s P-Funk and Ice Cube's excellent, taut delivery of rhymes calculated to jolt that pleases."[15] Spin wrote that it "integrates vitriolic politics with raw street knowledge" and "achieves an almost George Clinton-esque sense of celebratory freakiness".[18]

"There's a rule in music journalism at the moment," observed the hip-hop fanzine Louder Than A Bomb!. "It says that every Ice-T/N.W.A./Ice Cube record must be described as something like 'a grisly and uncompromising portrait of life in the ghetto'… O.G. was the last. Death Certificate is the next. [But] you can't shut your eyes while listening and imagine the ghetto. It's just a lot of songs about shooting, shagging and N.W.A."[19]

Death Certificate received a meager $18,000 promotion budget, and neither of its singles, "Steady Mobbin'" and "True to the Game", received much airplay, although they did receive music video treatment.[20]

Accolades

• Ranked #8 in MTV's Greatest Hip-Hop Albums of All Time list in 2005[21]
• Included in The Source's 100 Best Rap Albums list in 1998[22]
• Ranked #17 in The Source's The Critic's Top 100 Black Music Album's of All Time list in 2006[23]
• Ranked #12 in About.com's 100 Greatest Hip-Hip Albums list in 2008[24]
• Ranked #5 in ego trip's Hip Hop's 25 Greatest Albums by Year 1980–98 list in 1999[25]
• Ranked #20 in Dance De Lux's 25 Best Hip-Hop Records list in 2001[25]
• Ranked #16 in The Village Voice's Best Albums of the Year list in 1991[25]
• Ranked #37 in New Musical Express's Best Albums of the Year list in 1991[25]
• Ranked #8 in Hip Hop Connection's reader-voted The Phat Forty[26]
• Included in Vibe's 100 Essential Albums of the 20th Century in 1999[25]
• Included in Rhapsody's list of the top "coke rap" albums of all time in 2010.[27]

Controversy

In 1991, the Oregon Liquor Control Commission banned a poster for St. Ides Malt Liquor, which Ice Cube endorsed at the time, that displayed Ice Cube holding a can of St. Ides and flashing a gang sign.[28] In the September 2006 issue of FHM, Ice Cube stated in an interview that he did not regret the controversial statements made on the album.[29]

Due to fear that laws against racial incitement in the United Kingdom could see the album banned, the original United Kingdom release removed the tracks "Black Korea" and "No Vaseline". Island Records, the distributor of this version of the album, deleted these tracks with the consent of Priority Records, but not Ice Cube himself.[20] "We're very excited about Ice Cube," said Island MD Marc Marot, "but on a personal level I just could not take those two songs. I understand that self-censorship after the NWA case puts us in a strange position, but we're not going to support minority racism or antisemitism. We came to a compromise with Profile that was acceptable."[15] The tracks have since been reinstated on a CD reissue readily available in the UK.

Commercial performance

Death Certificate debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts, selling 105,000 copies in its first week of release. On December 20, 1991, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over a million copies. It was certified only two months after the album was released. To date, the album has sold over two million copies in the United States and over five million copies worldwide.[30][31] On September 4, 2015, Death Certificate went back on the Billboard 200 chart and ranked at number 99 with 14,000 sales in that week; also, Greatest Hits and AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted came back on the Billboard 200 in that week with Greatest Hits charting at number 118 with 11,920 sales and AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted at number 150 with 8,300 sales.[32]

Track listing

The Death Side

No.	Title	Producer(s)	Length
1.	"The Funeral (Intro)"	Sir foot	1:37
2.	"The Wrong Nigga to Fuck Wit"	Sir jinx Ice Cube	2:48
3.	"My Summer Vacation"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	3:56
4.	"Steady Mobbin'"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	4:10
5.	"Robin Lench (Interlude)"	Boogiemen Sir Jinx	1:13
6.	"Givin' Up the Nappy Dug Out"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	4:15
7.	"Look Who's Burnin'"	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	3:53
8.	"A Bird in the Hand"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	2:17
9.	"Man's Best Friend"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	2:06
10.	"Alive on Arrival"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	3:11
11.	"Death" (featuring Khalid Abdul Muhammad)	Ice Cube	1:03

The Life Side

No.	Title	Producer(s)	Length
12.	"The Birth" (featuring Khalid Abdul Muhammad)	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	1:21
13.	"I Wanna Kill Sam"	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	3:22
14.	"Horny Lil' Devil"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	3:42
15.	"Black Korea"	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	0:46
16.	"True to the Game"	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	4:10
17.	"Color Blind" (featuring Deadly Threat, Kam, the Maad Circle, King Tee and J-Dee)	Boogiemen Ice Cube	4:29
18.	"Doing Dumb Shit"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	3:45
19.	"Us"	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	3:43
20.	"No Vaseline"	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	5:15
Total length:			61:08

25th Anniversary Edition

No.	Title	Producer(s)	Length
1.	"Only One Me"	Checkboy Ice Cube	3:40
2.	"Good Cop, Bad Cop"	T-Mix Ice Cube	3:27
3.	"Dominate the Weak"	Big SOJ Ice Cube	4:06
4.	"The Funeral (Intro)"	Sir Jinx	1:37
5.	"The Wrong Nigga to Fuck Wit"	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	2:48
6.	"My Summer Vacation"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	3:56
7.	"Steady Mobbin'"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	4:10
8.	"Robin Lench (Interlude)"	Boogiemen Sir Jinx	1:13
9.	"Givin' Up the Nappy Dug Out"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	4:15
10.	"Look Who's Burnin'"	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	3:53
11.	"A Bird in the Hand"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	2:17
12.	"Man's Best Friend"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	2:06
13.	"Alive on Arrival"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	3:11
14.	"Death" (featuring Khalid Abdul Muhammad)	Ice Cube	1:03
15.	"The Birth" (featuring Khalid Abdul Muhammad)	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	1:21
16.	"I Wanna Kill Sam"	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	3:22
17.	"Horny Lil Devil"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	3:42
18.	"Black Korea"	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	0:46
19.	"True to the Game"	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	4:10
20.	"Color Blind" (featuring Deadly Threat, Kam, the Maad Circle, King Tee and J-Dee)	Boogiemen Ice Cube	4:29
21.	"Doing Dumb Shit"	Boogiemen Ice Cube	3:45
22.	"Us"	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	3:43
23.	"No Vaseline"	Sir Jinx Ice Cube	5:15
Total length:			72:15

Personnel

Ice Cube – performer, producer, executive producer, mixing Khalid Muhammad – performer Deadly Threat – performer Kam – performer WC and the Maad Circle – performer King Tee – performer J-Dee – performer DJ Bobcat Bobby Ervin – producer Sir Jinx – producer, mixing Boogie Men – producer

Bob Morse – engineer, mixing Frank Macek – engineer, mixing Mr. Stoker (Andy Growcott) – engineer DJ Pooh – mixing Daryll Dobson – mixing Bernie Grundman – mastering Brian Gardner – mastering Mario Castellanos – photography Kevin Hosmann – art direction

Charts

Chart positions Chart (1991) Peak position US Billboard 200 2 US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums 1

Year-end charts Chart (1992) Position US Billboard 200 63 US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums 25

Certifications

Region	Certification	Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)[33]	Platinum	1,000,000^^
^*sales figures based on certification alone ^^shipments figures based on certification alone

See also

• List of number-one R&B albums of 1991 (U.S.)

Notes

1. Ice Cube dot org - Ice Cube Lyrics, Pictures and more - Part of the Rapbasement Network Archived 2007-01-12 at the Wayback Machine
2. RIAA Searchable Database - Death Certificate Archived June 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved on 2008-08-10.
3. Harvey, Eric (November 27, 2016). "Ice Cube: Death Certificate". Pitchfork.
4. Van Nguyen, Dean (18 October 2011). "True to the Game: Ice Cube's 'Death Certificate'". PopMatters.
5. Pareles, Jon (December 13, 1992). "POP VIEW; Rap After the Riot: Smoldering Rage And No Apologies". The New York Times.
6. Pareles, Jon (December 8, 1991). "POP VIEW; Should Ice Cube's Voice Be Chilled?". The New York Times.
7. Jeffries, David. "Death Certificate – Ice Cube". AllMusic. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
8. Corcoran, Michael (October 27, 1991). "Ice Cube, as radical as he wants to be". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
9. Christgau, Robert (2000). "Ice Cube: Death Certificate". Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-312-24560-2. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
10. Bernard, James (November 15, 1991). "Death Certificate". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
11. Hilburn, Robert (November 3, 1991). "A Crucial Message, a Crude Delivery From Ice Cube". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
12. Harvey, Eric (November 27, 2016). "Ice Cube: Death Certificate". Pitchfork. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
13. Caramanica, Jon (March 20, 2003). "Death Certificate: Ice Cube". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
14. Relic, Peter (2004). "Ice Cube". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 400–01. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
15. Kessler, Ted (January 1992). "Ice Cube: Death Certificate". Select (19).
16. Reef (January 1992). "Ice Cube: Death Certificate". The Source (28): 85. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
17. Kazeem (August 4, 2010). "The Complete List Of 5 Mic Hip-Hop Classics". The Source. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
18. Spin (1/92, p. 72)
19. Moriarty, Dean (February 1992). "On 33". Louder Than A Bomb! #2. p. 5.
20. "Rock & Rap Archives: Number 94/January 1992". Archived from the original on April 1, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
21. MTV.com
22. Rocklistmusic.co.uk
23. Trevornelson.com Archived February 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
24. Rap.about.com
25. "Acclaimedmusic.net". Archived from the original on 2017-11-23. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
26. Hip Hop Connection, July 1994
27. Album Guide To Coke Rap Archived August 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Referenced 26 July 2010
28. "OLCC BANS POSTER FOR MALT LIQUOR". The Oregonian. 6 November 1991. p. E01. Oregon authorities Tuesday banned a poster for St. Ides malt liquor because it carries gang appeal and apparently was designed to attract minors.
29. Ice Cube Quote/Unquote: September 2006 Archived 2014-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
30. "Ice Cube's Frozen Assets Chill Capitol's Expenditures - Los Angeles Times". Articles.latimes.com. 1991-11-17. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
31. "SoundScan Album Sales 10/12/2005 - Home Recording forums". Homerecording.com. 2005-10-14. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
32. "N.W.A Takes Over Charts, Gets First Top 40 Hit on Hot 100". Billboard.
33. "American album certifications – Ice Cube – Death Certificate". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH. 

References

• Nathan Brackett, Christian Hoard (2004). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide: Completely Revised and Updated 4th Edition. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.

External links

• Death Certificate at Discogs
• "Ice KKKube's Aesthetikkk Merit: Big Fukkking Deal" by Robert Christgau
• Album Review at RapReviews.com