Cuban amazon

The Cuban amazon (Amazona leucocephala) also known as Cuban parrot or the rose-throated parrot, is a medium-sized mainly green parrot found in woodlands and dry forests of Cuba, the Bahamas and Cayman Islands in the Caribbean.[1][2] Although they have been observed in the wild in Puerto Rico, they are probably the result of escaped pets, and no reproduction has been recorded.[3]

Cuban amazon
A. l. leucocephala in Cuba

Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Amazona
Species:
A. leucocephala
Binomial name
Amazona leucocephala
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms

Psittacus leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1758

Description

The Cuban amazon is a medium-sized parrot 28–33 centimetres (11–13 in) long.[4] It is mainly green with some blue feathers in its wings.[5] The green feathers are edged with a terminal black rim.[6] Its lower face, chin and throat are rosy pink, and its forehead and eye-rings are white.[5] The extent of the various colours of the head, the extent of the rosy pink on the upper chest, and the extent of the dull red on the abdomen vary between the subspecies.[2][6] Its irises are pale olive-green, its beak is horn-coloured, and the feathers over the ears are blackish.[6] The legs are pink.[6] The juvenile has little or no red on the abdomen, less black edging on the green feathers, and some of the feathers on the top of its head may be pale yellow rather than white.[6]

Taxonomy

Traditionally, most authorities have recognized four subspecies of the Cuban amazon,[7][8] thereby following the 1928 review by James Lee Peters.[5]

A. l. palmarum (Todd, 1916) was thought to be a separate subspecies living in western Cuba (east to Villa Clara Province) and Isla de la Juventud based on differences in the plumage, but in 1928 a re-evaluation indicated that the colour differences were due to age-related variations and that they showed no substantial differences to the specimens obtained from the rest of Cuba (i.e., A. l. leucocephala sensu stricto).[5] The two populations are very similar genetically,[9] but some authorities have maintained that A. l. palmarum is a valid subspecies.[10][11][12] A recent review based on morphology and plumage supported the distinction of A. l. palmarum (at least if restricted to the population on Isla de la Juventud), it having a longer wing chord and metatarsus, and a larger rosy pink throat patch than A. l. leucocephala of the Cuban mainland.[13] This review also revealed differences among the populations on the various islands in the Bahamas (some of which had already been pointed out earlier),[9][14] leading to the suggestion of restricting A. l. bahamensis to the now-extirpated population of the Acklins and Crooked Islands, while it was proposed that the two extant populations from the Abaco Islands and the Inagua Islands each represent a new subspecies.[13] The recognition of three subspecies from the Bahamas is also supported by genetics.[15]

Distribution and habitat

The Cuban amazon lives in different habitats on different islands.[4] It was once found throughout Cuba, but it is now mainly confined to the forested areas of the main island and Isla de la Juventud. There are about 10,000 individuals in Cuba, including an estimated 1,100–1,320 on Isla de la Juventud.[1][2]

On the Cayman Islands the parrot lives in dry forest and on agricultural land. The population living on Grand Cayman numbers about 3,400 individuals (2006 survey), and the population on Cayman Brac consists of 400–500 individuals.[2] The population on Little Cayman was extirpated in the 1940s.[16]

The populations were estimated at about 3,550 individuals on Abaco and 6,350 on Inagua in 2006.[2] The populations on the Acklins and Crooked Islands were extirpated in the 1940s,[16] while it, based on fossil remains and archeological findings, historically also has been present on several other islands in the Bahamas (e.g., New Providence and San Salvador) and on Grand Turk Island.[9]

Behavior

In the winter Cuban amazons gather in flocks, and disperse into pairs during the breeding season.[2]

Diet

The Cuban amazon feeds on a number of fruits and seeds including the fruits of palm trees and West Indian mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) seeds.[2]

Breeding

The breeding season is from March to September.[2] Cuban amazons nest in tree cavities throughout most of its range, the only exception being that the parrots living on the Abaco Islands nest underground in limestone solution holes, where they are protected from pineyard wildfires.[4] Two to four white eggs are laid, which are incubated by the female for 26–28 days.[2]

Status

Due to ongoing habitat loss, occasional natural disasters and trapping for the wild parrot trade, the Cuban amazon is evaluated as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] It is protected with a listing on Appendix I of CITES,[17] which prohibits international trade of listed wild-caught species.[18]

Aviculture
Pet in a small round cage in Cuba

The Cuban amazon was seldom-seen in aviculture outside of Cuba and Florida (where it was bred in captivity by Cuban immigrants) until the 1980s and is considered one of the more difficult to breed amazon parrots, with aggressive behaviour from cock birds towards their mates and their own chicks a relatively common occurrence. Despite increased availability in recent times, the Cuban amazon is still one of the highest-priced of all amazons. Several colour mutations have been observed in captive-bred stock.[19]

gollark: Specifically, apiocontracognitoforms.
gollark: Well, as they say, "ignorance is bees".
gollark: With low level stuff being slow and annoying.
gollark: I agree.
gollark: Well, we have several octillion emulated human consciousnesses/bee neurons writing code for us, so probably about 99.99999999%.

References
  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Amazona leucocephala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. "Rose-throated Parrot (Amazona leucocephala)". Society for the Conservation and Study of Caribbean Birds (SCSCB). December 2006. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13.
  3. Falcón, Wilfredo; Tremblay, Raymond L. (2018). "From the cage to the wild: introductions of Psittaciformes to Puerto Rico". PeerJ. 6:e5669: e5669. doi:10.7717/peerj.5669. PMC 6214232. PMID 30397538.
  4. "Species factsheet: Amazona leucocephala". BirdLife International (2008). Retrieved 17 July 2008.
  5. Peters, James. L (July 1928). "Races of the Amazon leucocephala" (PDF). Auk. XLV (#3): 342–344. doi:10.2307/4076025. JSTOR 4076025.
  6. Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton University Press. plate 107. ISBN 0-691-09251-6.
  7. Clements, J. F. (2007). The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World. 6th edition. Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-8695-1
  8. Howard, Richard; Dickinson, E. C. and Moore, Alick (2003). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 3rd edition, A & C Black, ISBN 0-7136-6536-X
  9. Ottens-Wainright, P.; et al. (2004). "Independent geographic origins of the genus Amazona in the West Indies" (PDF). Journal of Caribbean Ornithology. 17: 23–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-04. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
  10. Hayes, W. (2006). "The urgent need for Conservation Taxonomy" (PDF). The Bahamas Naturalist and Journal of Science. 1 (#1): 12–24.
  11. Raffaele, H., J. Wiley, O. Garrido, A. Keith, & J. Raffaele (1998). A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08736-9
  12. Arndt, T. Amazona leucocephala. Lexicon of Parrots, online version. Arndt-Verlag. Accessed 03-04-2010.
  13. Reynolds, M. B. J. & Hayes, W. K. (2009). "Conservation taxonomy of the Cuban Parrot (Amazona leucocephala): I. Variation in morphology and plumage" (PDF). Journal of Caribbean Ornithology. 22: 1–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2013-03-02.
  14. Snyder, N. F. R.; King, W. B. & Kepler, C. B. (1982). "Biology and conservation of the Bahama Parrot". Living Bird. 19: 91–114.
  15. Russello, M. A.; Stahala, C.; Lalonde, D.; Schmidt, K. L.; Amato, G. (2010). "Cryptic diversity and conservation units in the Bahama parrot" (PDF). Conservation Genetics. 11 (#5): 1809. doi:10.1007/s10592-010-0074-z. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-04.
  16. Wiley, J. W. (1991). "Status and conservation of parrots and parakeets in the Greater Antilles, Bahama Islands, and Cayman Islands". Bird Conservation International. 1 (#3): 187–214. doi:10.1017/S0959270900000599.
  17. UNEP-WCMC (2010). Amazona leucocephala. UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species On the World Wide Web. Accessed 03-04-2010
  18. "Text of the Convention". CITES. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  19. Low, Rosemary. "The Cuban Amazon Parrot". The Parrot Society UK. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
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