Crinivirus

Crinivirus, formerly the lettuce infectious yellows virus group, is a genus of viruses, in the family Closteroviridae. They are linear, single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses (and are therefore group IV).[1] There are currently 14 species in this genus including the type species Lettuce infectious yellows virus. Diseases associated with this genus include: yellowing and necrosis, particularly affecting the phloem.[2][3]

Crinivirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Kitrinoviricota
Class: Alsuviricetes
Order: Martellivirales
Family: Closteroviridae
Genus: Crinivirus
Type species
Lettuce infectious yellows virus
Species

See text

3'-terminal pseudoknot in SPCSV
Predicted secondary structure of the 3'-terminal pseudoknot in SPCSV
Identifiers
RfamRF01091
Other data
RNA typeCis-reg
Domain(s)Crinivirus
PDB structuresPDBe

Examples of species whose entire genomes have been sequenced that are currently classified into the genus include the Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) and the Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV).[4][5]

Genetics

The viruses of this genus have segmented, bipartite genomes that add up to 7,500–19,500 nucleotides in length. Their genomes also code for proteins that do not form part of the virion particles as well as structural proteins. The Universal Virus Database describes that their genome sequences near their 3'-ends are capable of hairpin-loop formation and also believe that their 5'-ends may have methylated caps.[5] Each of the viral RNA molecules contains four hair-pin structures and a pseudoknot in the 3'UTR. The pseudoknot is unusual in that it contains a small stem-loop structure inside loop L1.[6] In the related genus Closterovirus, these secondary structures have been found to be important in viral RNA replication.[7]

Structure

Viruses in Crinivirus are non-enveloped, with bipartite filamentous geometries. The diameter is around 10-13 nm, with a length of 700-900 nm. Genomes are linear and bipartite, around 17.6kb in length.[2]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
CrinivirusFilamentousNon-envelopedLinearMonopartite, bipartite, or tripartite

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded rna virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. The virus is transmitted via a vector (bemisia tabaci). Transmission route is mechanical.[2]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
CrinivirusPlantsNoneViral movement; mechanical inoculationViral movementCytoplasmCytoplasmMechanical inoculation: insects (whitefly)

Taxonomy

Group: ssRNA(+)

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References
  1. ICTVdB Management (2006). 00.017.0.02. Crinivirus. In: ICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA
  2. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  3. ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  4. Journal of Virology. 2002 September; 76(18): 9260–9270
  5. ICTVdB Management (2006)
  6. Livieratos IC, Eliasco E, Müller G, et al. (July 2004). "Analysis of the RNA of Potato yellow vein virus: evidence for a tripartite genome and conserved 3'-terminal structures among members of the genus Crinivirus". J. Gen. Virol. 85 (Pt 7): 2065–75. doi:10.1099/vir.0.79910-0. PMID 15218192.
  7. Satyanarayana T, Gowda S, Ayllón MA, Albiach-Martí MR, Dawson WO (August 2002). "Mutational analysis of the replication signals in the 3'-nontranslated region of citrus tristeza virus". Virology. 300 (1): 140–52. doi:10.1006/viro.2002.1550. PMID 12202214.
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