Common sheath-tailed bat

The common sheathtail bat, species Taphozous georgianus, is a bat in the family Emballonuridae, occurring in northern Australia.

Common sheath-tailed bat
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Chiroptera
Family:	Emballonuridae
Genus:	Taphozous
Species:	T. georgianus
Binomial name
Taphozous georgianus Thomas, 1915[2]
Common sheath-tailed bat range

Taxonomy

A description of the species was first published in 1915 by Oldfield Thomas, his notes on two bat genera resulting in a new subspecies Taphozous australis georgianus.[3][4] The taxon was included in a revision by Ellis Le Geyt Troughton (1925)[5] that proposed recognition as a species and this status was acknowledged in 1967.[3] Other recognised generic combinations include Saccolaimus georgianus.[3] The holotype, the skull and skin of a female, is held at the British Museum of Natural History and the locality of the collection noted as King George Sound; the species has not been recorded at this location.[6]

Common names also include common sheath-tailed bat[7] or sharp-nosed tomb bat.

Description

The overall colour of the fur is brown or greyish-brown, dark at the back and slightly paler at the front, the basal colour of the hair is creamy.[8][9] Their snout narrows toward the tip.[9] The colour of the lips and bald head is sepia.[6] Fine hairs at the underside of the arms are ginger-grey. The forearm range in measurement from 66 to 74 millimetres, the weight range is 19 to 41 grams.[8] They are no larger than 9 centimetres in length.[9] The outer half is infolded at the edge of the tragus.[6] A pouch is found at the radial-metacarpal, a gular sac is absent,[6] The interfemoral membrane covers most of the tail, the tip is bare and prominent.[8]

The roosting position distinguishes it from similar bats, they lay their body close to the surface with the forearms stretched out and shoulders raising the head up.[8][9] The peculiar posture of the bat is described as crab-like.[6]

It is similar to other sheathtails, smaller than Taphozous troughtoni, which also occurs in northern Queensland, and distinguished from Taphozous hilli of central Australia by the lack of neck pouch (gular sac) in the male and greater interval between the cuspids.[8]

Behaviour

The major activity is hunting and pursuit, its diet is primarily Coleoptera (beetles) although other types of insect are also consumed.[10] As with most bats, Taphozous georgianus hunts at night. Their flight follows straight paths that systematically survey a hunting ground by criss-crossing in a grid pattern. The environs that provides feeding opportunities are over water and bushland, where insects are caught and consumed in flight.[10] They inhabit arid and tropical regions of the northern Australian continent, close to grassland or woodland.[9] A wide variety of habitat provide them with feeding opportunities. In comparison to other bats they patrol at a medium height, and are often observed over water bodies such as pools and creeks.[6]

While retiring during the day, the bat lays appressed to the surface of a wall or ceiling of its subterranean site.[10] The colony size is usually small, the distance between the position of the hanging bats is greater than half a metre.[10] They may also be solitary in a roost, or several individuals, although seventeen in one cave were recorded and collected. At several mining sites in the Pilbara, two horizontal asbestos mines and a vertical shaft, an observation of around fifty individuals was made at each. The species occupies crevices at vertical faces or at the roof in horizontal mine and caves, and prefers the darkest part of the site.[6] They may pause from foraging on a rock face, resting close to a crevice that will provide refuge is disturbed.[10]

Breeding

Young are born from October to February, the individual producing a single birth. Only the right ovary appears viable, the fetus is only recorded in the right uterine horn. Spermatogenesis occurs throughout the year, although the testes position—more abdominal or distended to the scrotum—is seasonally variable.[6] An early study (Kitchener, 1973) concluded that the species seems monoestrous, although the possibility of a second birth remains for a species with a long breeding period. A later revision noted evidence in the specimens may be lacking if the persistence of corpora luteum after birth is short and the specimens examined were able to be assigned to the revising author's later description as another species, Taphozous hilli.[6]

Ecology

A very common species in its range, in the tropic and subtropic regions of the north and west.[6] They most frequently occupy caves, abandoned mining operations and fissures in rock faces.[10] Buildings are also occupied by the species soon after they become vacant, this may have increased opportunities and extended the distribution range. An individual or group's range may vary during the year, they appear to seasonally vacate some residences and relocate to other local sites.[6]

Despite the habit of high flying when commuting, they are required to seek water and may encounter ground level hazards. The species is noted as vulnerable to barbed wire that snags then entangles the animal as it attempts to free itself, Taphozous georgianus and many other species can be hooked through the easily torn wing membranes; many individuals meet with an often slow demise each year from this widely used and discarded fencing material.[8] Other threatening factors include destruction of roosting areas by mining, disturbance by human intrusion, and introduced land management practices that results in dilapidation of the local ecology.[10] The state conservation status in Queensland and the Northern Territory is 'least concern'.[9]

Skin punctures by any bat of this region, including this one, carries a risk of exposure to Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) which can result in a rare and fatal rabies-like disease in humans. They are otherwise classified as harmless.[9]

References

1. Armstrong, K. & Reardon, T. (2017). "Taphozous georgianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21454A22111763. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T21454A22111763.en.
2. Thomas, O. 1915, "Scientific results from the mammal survey. No. XI K.— Notes on Taphozous and Saccolaimus", Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, vol. 24, pp. 57-63
3. "Species Taphozous georgianus Thomas, 1915 Common Sheathtail-bat". biodiversity.org.au. Australian Faunal Directory. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
4. Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 312–529. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
5. Troughton, Ellis Le G. (9 April 1925). "A revision of the genera Taphozous and Saccolaimus (Chiroptera) in Australia and New Guinea, including a new species and a note on two Malayan forms". Records of the Australian Museum. 14 (4): 313–341. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.14.1925.850.
6. Chimimba, C.T.; Kitchener, D.J. (1991). "A systematic revision of Australian Emballonuridae (Mammalia: Chiroptera)". Records of the Western Australian Museum. Western Australian Museum. 15 (1): 203–265.
7. Van Dyke, S. and Strahan, R. (eds.) (2008) The Mammals of Australia, Third Edition, New Holland / Queensland Museum, Brisbane ISBN 978-1-877069-25-3
8. Richards, G.C.; Hall, L.S.; Parish, S. (photography) (2012). A natural history of Australian bats : working the night shift. CSIRO Pub. pp. 18, 19, 106, 151. ISBN 9780643103740.
9. "Taphozous georgianus : Common Sheathtail-Bat". bie.ala.org.au. Atlas of Living Australia. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
10. "Common Sheathtail Bat, Scientific name: Taphozous georgianus". The Australian Museum. 2018-10-23. Retrieved 31 December 2018.