Chuseok

Chuseok (Korean: 추석; Hanja: 秋夕; [tɕʰu.sʌk̚]), literally "Autumn eve", once known as hangawi (Hangul: 한가위; [han.ɡa.ɥi]; from archaic Korean for "the great middle (of autumn)"), is a major harvest festival and a three-day holiday in both North- and South Korea celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar on the full moon.[1] Like many other harvest festivals around the world, it is held around the autumn equinox, i.e. at the very end of summer or in early autumn.

Songpyeon
For the related lunar festivals celebrated on the same day, see Mid-Autumn Festival (across Chinese diaspora and Vietnam) and Tsukimi (Japan).
Chuseok
Jesasang, ceremonial table setting on Chuseok.
Official nameChuseok (추석, 秋夕)
Also calledHangawi, Jungchu-jeol
Observed byKoreans
TypeCultural, religious (Buddhist, Confucian, Muist)
SignificanceCelebrates the harvest
ObservancesVisit to their family's home town, ancestor worship, harvest feasts with songpyeon and rice wines
Begins14th day of the 8th lunar month
Ends16th day of the 8th lunar month
Date15th day of the 8th month of the Chinese lunar calendar
2019 date12 September –
14 September
2020 date30 September –
2 October
2021 date20 September –
22 September
2022 date9 September –
11 September
FrequencyAnnual
Related toMid-Autumn Festival (in China and Vietnam)
Tsukimi (in Japan)
Uposatha of Ashvini/Krittika (similar festivals that generally occur on the same day in Cambodia, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand )
Korean name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised Romanizationchuseok
McCune–Reischauerch'usŏk
IPA[tɕʰu.sʌk̚]
Original Korean name
Hangul
Revised Romanizationhangawi
McCune–Reischauerhan'gawi
IPA[han.ɡa.ɥi]

As a celebration of the good harvest, Koreans visit their ancestral hometowns and share a feast of Korean traditional food such as songpyeon (Korean: 송편; Hanja: 松餠) and rice wines such as sindoju (Korean: 신도주; Hanja: 新稻酒). and dongdongju (Korean: 동동주; Hanja: 浮蟻酒). There are two major traditions related to Chuseok: Charye (Korean: 차례; Hanja: 茶禮, ancestor memorial services at home), and Seongmyo (Korean: 성묘; Hanja: 省墓, family visit to the ancestral graves), which is usually accompanied by Beolcho (Korean: 벌초; Hanja: 伐草, tidying graves, removing weeds around them).[2]

Origins

According to popular belief, Chuseok originates from gabae (Korean: 가배; Hanja: 嘉俳·嘉排). Gabae started during the reign of the third king of the kingdom of Silla (57 BC ? AD 935), when it was a month-long weaving contest between two teams.[3][4] On the day of Gabae, the team that had woven more cloth won and would be treated to a feast by the losing team. It is believed that weaving competitions, archery competitions, and martial arts demonstrations were held as part of the festivities.[5]

Many scholars also believe Chuseok may originate from ancient shamanistic celebrations of the harvest moon.[4] New harvests are offered to local deities and ancestors, which means Chuseok may have originated as a worship ritual.[6] In some areas, if there is no harvest, worship rituals are postponed, or in areas with no annual harvest, Chuseok is not celebrated.

Traditional customs
Another table with many traditional food offerings on it

In contemporary South Korea, on Chuseok, masses of people travel from large cities to their hometowns to pay respect to the spirits of their ancestors.[7] Chuseok celebrates the bountiful harvest and strives for the next year to be better than the last. People perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning. Then, they visit the tombs of their immediate ancestors to trim plants and clean the area around the tomb and offer food, drink, and crops to their ancestors.[7] South Koreans consider autumn the best season of the year due to clear skies, cool winds, and it is a perfect harvesting season. Harvest crops are attributed to the blessing of ancestors. Chuseok is commonly translated as "Korean Thanksgiving" in American English.[8] Although most South Koreans will be visiting their families and ancestral homes, there are festivities held at the National Folk Museum of Korea. Many places are closed during this national holiday including banks, schools, post offices, governmental departments, stores, etc. Travel tickets are usually sold out three months in advance and roads and hotels are overcrowded.[9]

Charye

Charye is one of the ancestral memorial rites celebrated during Chuseok, symbolising the returning of favours and honouring ancestors and past generations.[10] The rite involves the gathering of families in holding a memorial service for their ancestors through the harvesting, preparation and presentation of special foods as offerings.[11] The rite embodies the traditional view of spiritual life beyond physical death, respecting the spirits of the afterlife that now also serve to protect their descendants. The foods offered have traditionally varied across provinces depending on what was available, but commonly constitute of freshly harvested rice, rice cakes (songpyeon) and fresh meat, fruit and vegetables.[12] The arrangement of the foods of Charye on the table are also notable: traditionally rice and soup are placed on the north and fruits and vegetables are placed on the south; meat dishes are served on the west and in the middle, and rice cake and some drinks such as makgeolli or soju are placed on the east. These details can vary across regions.[13]

Seongmyo and Beolcho

Seongmyo and Beolcho are also done around Chuseok week. Seongmyo is a visiting to ancestral gravesites and Beolcho is the activity to remove weeds around the grave to clean their ancestor's site.<, ref name="tourism"></ref>

Food

Songpyeon

One of the major foods prepared and eaten during the Chuseok holiday is songpyeon (Hangul: 송편; 松餠), a Korean traditional rice cake[7] which contains stuffing made with ingredients such as sesame seeds, black beans, mung beans, cinnamon, pine nut, walnut, chestnut, jujube, and honey. When making songpyeon, steaming them over a layer of pine-needles is critical. The word song in songpyeon means a pine tree in Korean. The pine needles not only contribute to songpyeon's aromatic fragrance, but also its beauty and taste.[14][15]

Songpyeon is also significant because of the meaning contained in its shape. Songpyeon's rice skin itself resembles the shape of a full moon, but once it wraps the stuffing, its shape resembles the half-moon. Since the Three Kingdoms era in Korean history, a Korean legend stated that these two shapes ruled the destinies of the two greatest rival kingdoms, Baekje and Silla. During the era of King Uija of Baekje, an encrypted phrase, "Baekje is full-moon and Silla is half-moon" was found on a turtle's back and it predicted the fall of the Baekje and the rise of the Silla. The prophecy came true when Silla defeated Baekje. Ever since Koreans have believed a half-moon shape is an indicator of a bright future or victory.[15] Therefore, during Chuseok, families gather together and eat half-moon-shaped Songpyeon under the full moon, wishing for a brighter future.[14]

Hangwa

Another popular Korean traditional food that people eat during Chuseok is hangwa. It is an artistic food decorated with natural colours and textured with patterns. Hang is made with rice flour, honey, fruit, and roots. People use edible natural ingredients to express various colours, flavours, and tastes. Because of its decoration and nutrition, Koreans eat hang not only during Chuseok, but also for special events, for instance, weddings, birthday parties, and marriages.[16]

The most famous types of hangwa are yakgwa, yugwa, and dasik. Yakgwa is a medicinal cookie which is made of fried rice flour dough ball, and yugwa is a fried cookie that also refers to a flower. Dasik is a tea cake that people enjoy with tea.[17]

Baekseju

A major element of Chuseok is alcoholic beverages. Liquor drunk on Chuseok is called baekju (白酒, literally "white liquor") and nicknamed sindoju (新稻酒, literally "new rice liquor") as it is made of freshly harvested rice.

Kooksoondang, a maker of Korean traditional liquors, restored "Yihwaju," rice wine from the Goryeo era (918–1392), and "Songjeolju" that has been widely enjoyed by Joseon (1392–1910) aristocrats. Its "Jamyang Baekseju" package comprises a variety of liquors ― Jayang Baekseju, Jang Baekseju, Baekokju ― that are claimed to enhance men's stamina.

Adults say that if you drink the alcoholic beverage which the ancestors have drunk; there will be nothing you'll be scared of.[18][19]

Others

Other foods commonly prepared are japchae, bulgogi, an assortment of Korean pancakes and fruits.

Gifts

History of Chuseok gifts

The Korean people started sharing daily necessities, such as sugar, soap or condiments, as Chuseok gifts in the 1960s. The gifts have changed since the Korean economy has developed. In the 1970s, Korean people had more options for Chuseok gifts; examples include cooking oil, toothpaste, instant coffee sets, cosmetics, television and rice cookers. People chose gift sets of fruit, meat and cosmetics in the 1980s. In the 1990s, people used gift vouchers for Chuseok. In the 21st century, more sophisticated gifts, such as sets of olive oil, natural vinegar and electronic devices have become the most popular option for Chuseok gifts.[20]

Types of Chuseok gifts and prices

Some extravagant gifts can be purchased: one kilogram of wild pine mushrooms, which are expensive because they cannot be artificially grown, (560,000 won) US$480.27 and red ginseng products (1.98 million won) US$1698.11. However, the most exorbitantly priced gift is six bottles of wine at Lotte Department Store for a staggering (33 million won) US$28,301.89.[21]

Chuseok gift sets are big business in Korea, and prices are typically inflated.[22]

Folk games

A variety of folk games are played on Chuseok to celebrate the coming of autumn and rich harvest. Village folk dress themselves to resemble a cow or turtle and go from house to house along with a nongak band playing music. Other common folk games played on Chuseok are archery, ssireum, tug-of-war, and juldarigi (Korean wrestling); folk games vary by region.

Ssireum

Ssireum (Hangul: 씨름) is the most popular Korean sport played during Chuseok, and contests are usually held during this holiday. Scholars have found evidence for ssireum's dating back to the Goguryeo dynasty, Ssireum is assumed to have 5000 years of history. Two players wrestle each other while holding onto their opponent's satba, a red and blues band. A player loses when his upper body touches the ground, and the winner becomes Cheonha Jangsa, Baekdu Jangsa, or Halla Jangsa, meaning "the most powerful". The winner gets a bull and 1  kg of rice as the prize.[23] Due to its popularity among both the young and the old, ssireum contests are held more frequently, not limited to important holidays.


Taekkyon

Taekkyon (Hangul: 태껸 or 택견) is one of the oldest traditional martial arts of Korea. Taekkyon was very popular during the Joseon period where it was practised alongside Ssireum during festivities, including Chuseok. Though originally a hand-to-hand fighting method, plebs used a more tamed version alike to a kicking game. The practitioner uses the momentum of his opponent to knock him down through kicks, swipes and pushes.[24] Tournaments between players from different villages were carried out, starting with the children ("Aegi Taekkyon") before finishing with the adults.

Taekkyon almost disappeared during the Japanese occupation (1910-1945) but is now considered a cultural heritage of Korea (1983) and a UNESCO intangible cultural item (2011).[25]

Ganggangsullae

The Ganggangsullae(Hangul: 강강술래) dance is a traditional folk dance performed under the full moon in the night of Chuseok.[26] Women wear Korean traditional dress, hanbok, make a big circle by holding hands, and sing a song while going around a circle. Its name, Ganggangsullae, came from the refrain repeated after each verse, and contains no actual meaning.

The dance originated in the southern coastal area during the Joseon dynasty. To watch a video clip of the Ganggangsullae dance, click here.

For other folk games, they also play Neolttwigi (also known as the Korean plank), a traditional game played on a wooden board.[27]

Juldarigi

Juldarigi (Hangul: 줄다리기), or tug-of-war, was enjoyed by an entire village population. Two groups of people are divided into two teams representing the female and male forces of the natural world. The game is considered an agricultural rite to augur the results of the year's farming. If the team representing the female concept won, it was thought the harvest that year would be rich.

So-nori is a comedic performance in which people used a straw mat to disguise themselves as a cow and call from door to door for all to get together and share food.

Chicken Fight (Dak Sa Um)

Korean people used to watch chicken fights (Hangul: 닭싸움), and learned how chickens fought; a game inspired by such was invented.

To play the game, people are separated into two balanced groups. One must bend his or her leg up and hold it bent with the knee poking out. The players must then attack each other with their bent knees, having to eliminate them by making their feet touch the ground; the last player holding up his or her knee wins.

The game is about strength, speed, and balance; to stay alive, one must display the capability of fighting back.[28]

Hwatu

Hwatu (Hangul: 화투, also known as Go-Stop) is composed of 48 cards including 12 kinds. It originated from a Japanese card game called Hanafuda, and is the most popular card game played by Koreans today. The rules of the game and the term water originated from Tujeon. Early what was similar to Hanafuda, but was changed due to similarities with the latter. It went through a course that made it reduced by four base colours and thinner than before, spreading throughout to turn out goods on a mass-produced basis.

Chuseok in North Korea

Since Chuseok has been a traditional holiday since long before the division of Korea, people in North Korea also celebrate Chuseok. However, the ideology that divided Korea also caused some differences between Chuseok of North Korea and that of South Korea.[29] In fact, North Korea did not celebrate Chuseok and other traditional holidays until the mid-1980s.

While South Koreans enjoy the holiday is a typical way of enjoying holidays with family members, most North Koreans do not have any family gatherings during Chuseok. Some, especially those in working classes, try to visit their ancestors' gravesites during Chuseok. However, social and economic issues in North Korea have been preventing visits.[30] In addition, the extremely poor infrastructure of North Korea, especially in terms of public transportation, makes it almost impossible for people to visit grave sites and their families.[31] In contrast to the poorly situated lower class North Koreans, middle and elite classes enjoy the holiday as they want, easily travelling wherever they want to go.[31]

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See also

Sources
  • The Academy of Korean Studies, ed. (1991), "Chuseok", Encyclopedia of Korean People and Culture, Woongjin (in Korean)
  • Farhadian, Charles E. (2007). Christian Worship Worldwide. Wm. Bm. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2853-8.
  • Korea University Institute of Korean Culture, ed. (1982). "Social Life". Korean Heritage Overview. 1. Korea University.(in Korean)
  • Aviles, K. (2011, September 10). Chuseok : A Festival With Two Faces. International Business Times. Retrieved December 4, 2012[32]
  • Im, J. J. (2010, September 23). Daily NK - Welcome to Chuseok, North Korean Style. DailyNK. Retrieved December 4, 2012[33]
  • Kim, K.-C. (2008). Ganggangsullae. UNESCO Multimedia Archives. Retrieved December 4, 2012[34]
  • Korea.net. (2012, February 5). Chuseok, Korean Thanksgiving Day (English) - YouTube. YouTube. Retrieved December 4, 2012[35]
  • Moon, S. H. (2008, September 16). Daily NK - New Chuseok Trends in North Korea. DailyNK. Retrieved December 4, 2012
  • Official Korea Tourism. (2008, August 26). Official Site of Korea Tourism Org.: Chuseok: Full Moon Harvest Holiday, Korean Version of Thanksgiving Day. VisitKorea. Retrieved December 4, 2012
  • The National Folklore Museum of Korea. (n.d.). Ancestral Memorial Rites - Charye | The National Folklore Museum of Korea. The National Folklore Museum of Korea. Retrieved December 5, 2012[36]
  • TurtlePress (Martial Arts Video). (2009, May 1). SSireum Korean Wrestling History - YouTube. YouTube. Retrieved December 4, 2012[37]
  • Yoo, K. H. (2009, October 5). Chuseok, North Korean Style. DailyNK. Retrieved December 4, 2012[38]

References
  1. Passport to Korean Culture By Published by Korean Culture and Information Service Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism
  2. "Chuseok (Harvest Moon Festival)". Rove.me.
  3. The Academy of Korean Studies, ed. (1991.) "Chuseok", Encyclopedia of Korean People and Culture, Woongjin (in Korean).
  4. Farhadian, Charles E. (2007.) Christian Worship Worldwide. Wm. Bm. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2853-8.
  5. , Yun, Sŏ-sŏk Yun. (2008.) Festive occasions: the customs in Korea, Ewha Women's University Press, Seoul. ISBN 978-8-9730-0781-3.
  6. Korea University Institute of Korean Culture, ed. (1982.) "Social Life", Korean Heritage Overview, 1, Korea University (in Korean).
  7. "Traditional Korean Holiday, Chuseok". Imagine Your Korea. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  8. "Chuseok: Korean Thanksgiving Day". Asia Society. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  9. Lee, Cecilia Hae-Jin (2010). Frommer's South Korea. Hoboken, N.J, Chichester: Wiley, John Wiley. pp. 21, 22, 25. ISBN 0470591544.
  10. "Korean Ancestral Memorial Rites, Jerye. - South-Korea - korea4expats". Korea4expats.com.
  11. "A time for families, food and festivities". Jejuweekly.com.
  12. "Traditional Korean Holiday of Bountiful Harvest, Chuseok | Official Korea Tourism Organization". English.visitkorea.or.kr. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  13. "메세지 페이지". Nfm.go.kr.
  15. "No Chuseok Without Songpyeon". English.chosun.com. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  17. "Korea Tour Guide". English.visitKorea.or.kr. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  18. "Korea Herald". Koreaherald.com. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  19. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-09.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. "한국을 대표하는 글로벌 방송! The World On Arirang!". Arirang.com. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  22. "10 Ridiculously Priced Korean Chuseok Gift Sets - 10 Magazine Korea". 10mag.com. 23 September 2015.
  23. What's on Korea. (2001, July 28) Archived 2006-05-23 at the Wayback Machine
  24. "the importance of Taekkyon in Korean traditional culture".
  25. "Taekkyon entry on UNESCO's world heritage list".
  26. Seoul City. (2004, September 2) Archived 2013-04-19 at Archive.today
  27. "Festivals, events to delight on Chuseok holidays". Korea.net. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  29. "Chuseok— A Festival With Two Faces". International Business Times. 10 September 2011.
  30. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-01-07. Retrieved 2018-12-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. Jin, Im Jeong (23 September 2010). "Welcome to Chuseok, North Korean Style". Dailynk.com.
  32. "Chuseok— A Festival With Two Faces". International Business Times. 10 September 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  33. Jin, Im Jeong (23 September 2010). "Welcome to Chuseok, North Korean Style". Dailynk.com. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  34. Kwang-shik-CHA, Kim. "Ganggangsullae". Unesco.org. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  35. "Chuseok, Korean Thanksgiving Day (English)". YouTube. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  36. "메세지 페이지". Nfm.go.kr. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  37. "SSireum Korean Wrestling History". YouTube. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  38. Hee, Yoo Gwan (5 October 2009). "Chuseok, North Korean Style". Dailynk.com. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
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