Scorzonera

Scorzonera
	Scorzonera purpurea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Subfamily:	Cichorioideae
Tribe:	Cichorieae[1]
Genus:	Scorzonera; L.
Synonyms[1]
	Chromatopogon F.W.Schmidt; Scorzonera sect. Pseudopodospermum Lipsch. & Krasch.; Fleischeria Steud. & Hochst. ex Endl.; Achyroseris Sch.Bip.; Gelasia Cass.; Pseudopodospermum (Lipsch. & Krasch.) Kuth.; Arachnospermum F.W.Schmidt;

Scorzonera is a genus of flowering plants in the dandelion tribe within the daisy family.[2][3]

Scorzonera humilis

They are distributed in Europe, Asia,[3] and Africa.[4] Its center of diversity is in the Mediterranean.[5] Well-known species include the edible black salsify (Scorzonera hispanica). Scorzonera tau-saghyz is a source of natural rubber.[6][7][8]

Scorzonera is recorded as a food plant for the larva of the Nutmeg, a species of moth.

Species

The genus contains the following species.[1][9]

S. acanthoclada
S. acantholimon
S. acuminata
S. adilii
S. affinis
S. alaica
S. alba
S. albertoregelia
S. albicans
S. albicaulis
S. amasiana
S. angustifolia
S. aragatzi
S. araneosa
S. argyrea
S. aristata
S. aucheriana
S. austriaca
S. baetica
S. baldshuanica
S. biebersteinii
S. boissieri
S. bracteosa
S. bungei
S. bupleurifolia
S. bupleuroides
S. caespitosa
S. callosa
S. calyculata
S. capito
S. chantavica
S. charadzeae
S. cinerea
S. circumflexa
S. codringtonii
S. communis
S. crassifolia
S. cretica
S. crispa
S. crocifolia
S. czerepanovii
S. darreana
S. davisii
S. divaricata
S. doriae
S. drarii
S. dzhawakhetica
S. elata
S. elongata
S. ensifolia
S. eriophora
S. euphratica
S. fengtiensis
S. ferganica
S. filifolia
S. flaccida
S. franchetii
S. gageoides
S. glabra
S. gorovanica
S. gracilis
S. graminifolia
S. grubovii
S. helodes
S. hieraciifolia
S. hispanica – black salsify, Spanish salsify, viper's-grass, black oyster plant
S. hispida
S. hissarica
S. hondae
S. hotanica
S. humifusa
S. humilis – viper's grass
S. ikonnikovii
S. iliensis
S. inaequiscapa
S. incisa
S. inconspicua
S. intricata
S. isophylla
S. ispahanica
S. joharchii
S. kandavanica
S. karabelensis[10]
S. karataviensis
S. ketzkhovelii
S. ketzkhowelii
S. koelpinioides
S. kotschyi
S. kozlowskyi
S. kuhistanica
S. lacera
S. laciniata
S. lamellata
S. lanata
S. lasiocarpa
S. latifolia
S. leptophylla
S. libanotica
S. limnophila
S. lindbergii
S. lipskyi
S. litwinowii
S. longiana
S. longifolia
S. longipapposa
S. luntaiensis
S. luristanica
S. mackmeliana
S. manshurica
S. mariovoensis
S. microcalathia
S. mirabilis
S. mollis
S. mongolica
S. mucida
S. multifida
S. muriculata
S. musili
S. nivalis
S. ovata
S. pachycephala
S. pamirica
S. papposa
S. paradoxa
S. parviflora
S. persepolitana
S. persica
S. petrovii
S. phaeopappa
S. pisidica
S. polyclada
S. praetuberosa
S. pratorum
S. pseudodivaricata
S. psychrophila
S. pubescens
S. pulchra
S. pygmaea
S. racemosa
S. raddeana
S. radians
S. radiata
S. ramosissima
S. rawii
S. renzii
S. reverchonii
S. rigida
S. rugulosa
S. rumicifolia
S. rupicola
S. safievii
S. sahnea
S. sandrasica
S. schweinfurthii
S. scopariiformis
S. scyria
S. seidlitzii
S. semicana
S. sericea
S. sericeo-lanata
S. serpentinica
S. sinensis
S. stenocephala
S. stricta
S. subacaulis
S. subaphylla
S. suberosa
S. sublanata
S. syriaca
S. tadshikorum
S. tau-saghyz
S. tenax
S. tenuisecta
S. tianshanensis
S. tomentosa
S. tortuosissima
S. tragapogonoides
S. transiliensis
S. troodea
S. tuberculata
S. tuberosa
S. tunicata
S. turkestania
S. ulrichii
S. undulata
S. usbekistanica
S. veratrifolia
S. veresczaginii
S. verrucosa
S. villosa
S. violacea
S. virgata
S. wendelboi
S. woronowii
S. xylobasis
S. yemensis
S. yildirimlii[4]

Etymology

One possible origin of the genus name is the French scorzonère ("viper’s grass").[3]

Secondary metabolites

Some Scorzonera species contain lactones, including the sesquiterpene lactones known as guaianolides.[11] Flavonoids found in Scorzonera include apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin.[12] Other secondary metabolites reported from the genus include caffeoylquinic acids, coumarins, lignans, stilbenoids, and triterpenoids.[13] One unique class of stilbenoid derivative was first isolated from Scorzonera humilis. They were named the tyrolobibenzyls after Tyrol in the eastern Alps, where the plant was collected.[14]

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References

Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
Bremer, K. (1994). Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 978-0881922752.
Scorzonera. Flora of North America.
Duran, A. and E. Hamzaoglu. (2004). A new species of Scorzonera (Asteraceae) from South Anatolia, Turkey. Biologia-Bratislava 59(1), 47-50.
Karaer, F. and F. Celep. (2007). Rediscovery of Scorzonera amasiana Hausskn. and Bornm. – A threatened endemic species in Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 36(2), 139-44.
Buranov, A. U. and B. J. Elmuradov. (2010). Extraction and characterization of latex and natural rubber from rubber-bearing plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58(2), 734-43.
Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 198 鸦葱属 ya cong shu Scorzonera Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 790. 1753.
Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Scorzonera includes photos and distribution maps
"The Plant List". Retrieved 22 June 2014.
Parolly, G. and N. Kilian. (2003). Scorzonera karabelensis (Compositae), a new species from SW Anatolia, with a key to the subscapigerous Scorzonera species in Turkey. Willdenowia 33 327-35.
Zidorn, C. (2010). "Sesquiterpene lactones and their precursors as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Phytochemistry. 69 (12): 2270–96. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.06.013. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 18715600.
Sareedenchai, V. and C. Zidorn (2010). "Flavonoids as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). 38 (5): 935–57. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2009.09.006. ISSN 0305-1978.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
Jehle, M. et al. (2010). "Natural products from Scorzonera aristata (Asteraceae)". Natural Product Communications. 5 (5): 725–27. doi:10.1177/1934578X1000500510. ISSN 1934-578X.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
Zidorn, C. et al. (2000). "Tyrolobibenzyls ‒ Novel secondary metabolites from Scorzonera humilis". Helvetica Chimica Acta (Zürich; Switzerland). 83 (11): 2920–25. doi:10.1002/1522-2675(20001108)83:11<2920::AID-HLCA2920>3.0.CO;2-5. ISSN 0018-019X.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

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[q-1] Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist

[2] Bremer, K. (1994). Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification. Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 978-0881922752.

[fna-3] Scorzonera. Flora of North America.

[duran-4] Duran, A. and E. Hamzaoglu. (2004). A new species of Scorzonera (Asteraceae) from South Anatolia, Turkey. Biologia-Bratislava 59(1), 47-50.

[5] Karaer, F. and F. Celep. (2007). Rediscovery of Scorzonera amasiana Hausskn. and Bornm. – A threatened endemic species in Turkey. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 36(2), 139-44.

[6] Buranov, A. U. and B. J. Elmuradov. (2010). Extraction and characterization of latex and natural rubber from rubber-bearing plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58(2), 734-43.

[7] Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 198 鸦葱属 ya cong shu Scorzonera Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 790. 1753.

[8] Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Scorzonera includes photos and distribution maps

[9] "The Plant List". Retrieved 22 June 2014.

[10] Parolly, G. and N. Kilian. (2003). Scorzonera karabelensis (Compositae), a new species from SW Anatolia, with a key to the subscapigerous Scorzonera species in Turkey. Willdenowia 33 327-35.

[11] Zidorn, C. (2010). "Sesquiterpene lactones and their precursors as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Phytochemistry. 69 (12): 2270–96. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.06.013. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 18715600.

[12] Sareedenchai, V. and C. Zidorn (2010). "Flavonoids as chemosystematic markers in the tribe Cichorieae of the Asteraceae". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). 38 (5): 935–57. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2009.09.006. ISSN 0305-1978.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

[13] Jehle, M. et al. (2010). "Natural products from Scorzonera aristata (Asteraceae)". Natural Product Communications. 5 (5): 725–27. doi:10.1177/1934578X1000500510. ISSN 1934-578X.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

[14] Zidorn, C. et al. (2000). "Tyrolobibenzyls ‒ Novel secondary metabolites from Scorzonera humilis". Helvetica Chimica Acta (Zürich; Switzerland). 83 (11): 2920–25. doi:10.1002/1522-2675(20001108)83:11<2920::AID-HLCA2920>3.0.CO;2-5. ISSN 0018-019X.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)