Chouchi
Chouchi (Chinese: 仇池; pinyin: Chóuchí ) was a polity of the Di ethnicity in modern-day Gansu Province during the Sixteen Kingdoms and Southern and Northern Dynasties.[1][2][3][4]
Chouchi Kingdom 仇池国 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 296–442 (580) | |||||||||||||
 The kingdom of Chouchi in the western China | |||||||||||||
| Status | Kingdom | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Wudu | ||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
| King | |||||||||||||
| Historical era | 3rd - 6th century | ||||||||||||
• Established | 296 | ||||||||||||
• Conquered by Former Qin | 371 | ||||||||||||
• Chouchi restored as Later Chouchi | 385 | ||||||||||||
• Conquered by Liu Song | 442 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 442 (580) | ||||||||||||
• Restored as Wudu, Wuxing and Yinping kingdoms | 448 - 580 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Today part of | China | ||||||||||||
History
At the beginning of the 3rd century CE Yang Teng (楊騰), chieftain of the White Neck Di (白項氐), had occupied the southeast area of modern Gansu province, at the upper course of the Han River. His followers Yang Ju (楊駒) and Yang Qianwan (楊千萬) paid tribute to the emperors of the Cao-Wei Dynasty and were rewarded with the title of Prince (wáng 王).[5][6][3] Yang Feilong (楊飛龍) shifted the center of the Chouchi realm back to Lüeyang, where his successor Yang Maosou (楊茂捜) reigned as independent king at the beginning of the 4th century. The Chouchi troops often plundered territories in the Central Plains to the east and abducted people there, but on the other side the troops of Eastern Jin and Former Zhao deprived the Chouchi empire of her inhabitants. In 322 Yang Nandi (楊難敵) suffered a defeat against Former Zhao and was degraded to Prince of Wudu (武都王) and Duke of Chouchi (仇池公). The next years are characterized by numerous internal struggles among the Yang clan and several throne usurpations. The rulers were not seen as mere regional inspectors (cishi 刺史) or governors (taishou 太守) of their region under the government of Jin.[3]
In 371 Fu Jiàn, ruler of Former Qin attacked Chouchi, captured the ruler Yang Cuan (楊篡) and ended the period of Former Chouchi.[3]
Yang Ding (楊定), a great-grandson of Yang Maosou and grandson of Fu Jiàn, resurrected the Chouchi kingdom in 385 with the capital at Licheng (歷城). His younger brother Yang Sheng (楊盛) was able to conquer the region Liangzhou (梁州) at the upper course of the Han River, and declared himself governor for the Jin Dynasty. Efforts to occupy the territory of modern Sichuan failed, but Chouchi controlled a great part of the modern provinces Gansu (east) and Shaanxi (south).[3]
After 443 the lords of Chouchi were only puppet rulers controlled by the Northern Wei. Historians talk of the five realms of Chouchi (Chouchi wuguo 仇池五國): Former and Later Chouchi (Qianchouchi 前仇池, Houchouchi 後仇池), Yinping 陰平, Wudu 武都, and Wuxing 武興.[5][7][3]
Rulers[3]
| Posthumous Names | Common names in Chinese characters | Durations of reigns or in office | Era names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Former Chouchi (late 2nd century-371) | |||
| 楊騰 Yáng Téng | late 184 - 210 | ||
| 楊駒 Yáng Jū | 210 - 230 | ||
| 楊千萬 Yáng Qiānwàn | 230 - 263 | ||
| 楊飛龍 Yáng Fēilóng | 263 - 296 | ||
| 楊茂搜 Yáng Màosōu | 296 - 317 | ||
| 楊難敵 Yáng Nándí | 317-334 | ||
| 楊毅 Yáng Yì | 334-337 | ||
| 楊初 Yáng Chū | 337-355 | ||
| 楊國 Yáng Guó | 355-356 | ||
| 楊俊 Yáng Jùn | 356-360 | ||
| 楊世 Yáng Shì | 360-370 | ||
| 楊篡 Yáng Cuàn | 370-371 | ||
| Later Chouchi (385-473) | |||
| 武 Wǔ | 楊定 Yáng Dìng | 385-394 | |
| 惠文 Huìwén | 楊盛 Yáng Shèng | 394-425 | |
| 孝昭 Xiàozhāo | 楊玄 Yáng Xuán | 425-429 | |
| 楊保宗 Yáng Bǎozōng | 429 and 443 | ||
| 楊難當 Yáng Nándāng | 429-441 | Jianyi (建義 Jiànyì) 436-440 | |
| 楊保熾 Yáng Bǎochì | 442-443 | ||
| 楊文德 Yáng Wéndé | 443-454 | ||
| 楊元和 Yáng Yuánhé | 455-466 | ||
| 楊僧嗣 Yáng Sēngsì | 466-473 | ||
| Kings of Wuxing 473-506 and 534-555 | |||
| 楊文度 Yáng Wéndù | 473-477 | ||
| 楊文弘 Yáng Wénhóng | 477-482 | ||
| 楊後起 Yáng Hòuqǐ | 482-486 | ||
| 安 Ān | 楊集始 Yáng Jíshì | 482-503 | |
| 楊紹先 Yáng Shàoxiān | 503-506, 534-535 | ||
| 楊智慧 Yáng Zhìhuì | 535-545 | ||
| 楊辟邪 Yáng Bìxié | 545-553 | ||
| Note: Yang Zhihui and Yang Bixie could be the same person | |||
| Kings of Yinping 477- mid 6th century | |||
| 楊廣香 Yáng Guǎngxiāng | 477-483? | ||
| 楊炯 Yáng Jiǒng | 483-495 | ||
| 楊崇祖 Yáng Chóngzǔ | 495-before 502 | ||
| 楊孟孫 Yáng Mèngsūn | before 502-511 | ||
| 楊定 Yáng Dìng | 511- ? | ||
References
- 《宋書》列傳第五十八
- Scroll of 水經注, Circle of 卷三, part 河水
- http://chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/rulers-qiuchi.html, retrieved 28 Jul 2019
- 李祖桓. 李祖桓, 《仇池国志》, 书目文献出版社 : 新华书店北京发行所发行, 1986
- 抱朴子, part 內篇, section 仙藥
- 漾水, particularly page 7
- Era of 魏晉南北朝, Title 三國志, Part 吳書十, section 董襲傳
See also
- Di
- Wu Hu
- List of past Chinese ethnic groups