Cerrejón

Cerrejón is a large open-pit coal mine in Colombia. It is located in the southeast of the department of La Guajira, close to the border with Venezuela. The coal mine is situated in the northeastern part of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin, the basin of the Ranchería River, between the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in the west and the Serranía del Perijá to the southeast. At Cerrejón, low-ash, low-sulphur bituminous coal from the Cerrejón Formation is excavated. The mine is one of the largest of its type, the largest in Latin America and the tenth biggest in the world. Cerrejón extends over 690 square kilometres (270 sq mi). It is divided into three sections, North Zone, Central Zone and South Zone. Total proven reserves are estimated at 503 megatonnes. In 2016, the mine produced 32,683,315 tonnes (32,167,132 long tons; 36,027,188 short tons).

Cerrejón
View of Cerrejón
Location
Cerrejón
Location of Cerrejón in La Guajira
LocationAlbania, Barrancas, Hatonuevo
DepartmentLa Guajira
Country Colombia
Coordinates 11°05′22″N 72°40′31″W
Production
ProductsLow-ash, low-S bituminous coal
Production32,683,315 t (32,167,132 long tons; 36,027,188 short tons)/year
Financial year2016
TypeOpen-pit coal mine
Greatest depth180 m (590 ft)
History
Opened1985 (1985)
Owner
CompanyBHP (33.3 %)
Glencore (33.3 %)
Anglo American plc (33.3 %)
WebsiteOfficial website

In June 2020, lawyers for the local Wayuu community lodged a request to the United Nations special rapporteur for work to be immediately halted over environmental and human rights concerns.[1]

History

The 19th century

There is controversy about the discoverer of Cerrejon mine, and some names are shuffled: the American civil engineer John May, hired by the national government, which conducted the examination in 1864; the writer Jorge Isaacs; and Mr. Juan Gomez Osío, native of La Guajira. In the 19th century small scale mining began.[2]

Cerrejón North Zone

A major part of the history of the Cerrejón mine should be mentioned: the "defunct" company Intercor (International Colombia Resources Corporation) was in its time called "The Cerrejón Zona Norte Coal Project".

In December 1976, a partnership contract was signed between Carbocol S. A. (Carbones de Colombia S. A.), a state-owned firm, and Intercor (International Colombia Resources Corporation Intercor), at the time Exxon, today ExxonMobil subsidiary, to develop the north zone of Cerrejón. This contract considered three stages: exploration (1977–1980), construction (1981–1986), and production (1986–2009). In January 1999, the Colombian government extended the concession for a further 25 years, to 2034.

  • In November 2000, the Colombian government sold its Carbocol S. A. shares (50%) in the partnership contract Cerrejón North Zone to a consortium comprising subsidiaries of BHP Billiton, Anglo American, and Glencore. Subsequently, Glencore sold its shares to Xstrata.
  • In February 2002, this consortium acquired the remaining 50% of shares from Intercor (ExxonMobil), thereby becoming sole concessioners of the Cerrejón North Zone.
  • In November 2002, the union of the purchased to Intercor and Carbones del Cerrejón S. A. was formalized, and the official name of the mine operator was changed to Carbones del Cerrejón Limited, Cerrejón.

Cerrejón Central Zone

In this zone, there are two areas under concession:

  • The Central Deposit (El Cerrejón community) has been in production since 1981 via contracts with different companies (a Domi Prodeco Auxini consortium, Carbones del Caribe, and others). In 1995, Glencore acquired Prodeco S. A., creating Carbones del Cerrejón S. A. and then in 1997, Anglo American became involved in the business. In 2000, BHP Billiton became the third partner.
  • The Oreganal Deposit (state-owned) was initially under concession to Carbones del Caribe by the national government. Then, in 1995, the concession passed to Oreganal S. A. which, in turn, ceded its shares to Carbones del Cerrejón S. A. in 1999.

Patilla Area

In 2001, after a public tender, this area was ceded to a consortium comprising Carbones del Cerrejón S. A. and Cerrejón Zona Norte S.A., which is currently concessioned to subsidiaries of BHP Billiton, Anglo American, and Xstrata.

Cerrejón South Zone

In 1997, after a tender process, the exploration and mining contract for this zone was awarded to the consortium now comprising subsidiaries of BHP Billiton, Anglo American, and Xstrata. Currently, the Cerrejón South Zone is under exploration.

Description

Cerrejón is the tenth largest coal mine in the world and the biggest in Latin America.[3] Production started in 1985, when the mine was operated by Carbocol, a Colombian state company and Intercor, a subsidiary of ExxonMobil. The proven reserves in 2009 were 502,900,000 tonnes (495,000,000 long tons; 554,400,000 short tons) and the probable reserves 241,000,000 tonnes (237,000,000 long tons; 266,000,000 short tons). The coal is low-ash, low-sulphur bituminous coal, mined from the Paleocene Cerrejón Formation in the northeastern part (Cerrejón Sub-basin) of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin.[4] The coal seams reach a thickness of 180 metres (590 ft).[5] The total production in 2016 was 32,683,315 tonnes (32,167,132 long tons; 36,027,188 short tons).[6]

Operation, installations and operator
Mining operations at one of Cerrejón pits

Cerrejón is owned in equal parts by subsidiaries of the international mining companies BHP, Anglo American and Glencore.[7] The mine produces over 32 million tonnes of thermal coal a year and has estimated reserves of over five billion tonnes

Unique in Colombia, the mine has an integrated railway line and shipping terminal, which gives increased efficiency and lower environmental impact. As well exporting coal, the port and railway are used to transport supplies to the mine.

The mine has maintenance workshops of over 26,000 square metres (280,000 sq ft).

Railway

The integrated railway line is 150 kilometres (93 mi) long. Each train can haul 109 freight wagons, each of which can carry of 96 to 110 tonnes of coal.

Port

The Puerto Bolívar shipping terminal loads bulk carrier ships of up to 180,000 tonnes (200,000 tons). The port also has a supply dock for ships of up to 70,000 tonnes which is used to supply machinery, spare parts, fuel, and other goods for the mining operation. The navigable channel is 19 metres (62 ft) deep, 225 metres (738 ft) wide, and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi). It is one of the largest coal maritime ports in South America with clean technology.

Integrated operation

Figures
  • From 1985 to 2011, the coal mine of the Cerrejón, produced 508.8 million tonnes of coal and generated US$2,006 million in royalties. In 2011 alone, sales generated US$336.60 million for the country as a whole and the region of La Guajira.
  • By the end of 2011, the mine of the Cerrejón, had reached a historical production figure of 32.03 million tonnes to the following markets: Europe (58%), the Mediterranean and Asia (21%), Central and South America (12%), and North America (9%).
  • These external sales represent 40% of Colombia's coal sales and 4.6% of global coal sales.
  • Carbones del Cerrejón's directly employed workforce numbers 5,373 workers (62% from La Guajira, 28% from other parts of the Caribbean coast, and 10% from the rest of the country).
  • In addition, a further 4,497 workers are employed indirectly through contractor firms for the operation.

Mining fleet

Carbones del Cerrejón has a mining fleet comprising 493 pieces of equipment: 258 trucks with a load capacity of 190, 240, and 320 tonnes, 50 hydraulic shovels, and 185 pieces of auxiliary equipment.

  • A 320 tonnes (310 long tons; 350 short tons) truck can haul a load equivalent to approximately 10 tractor trailers. In Colombia, a tractor trailer hauls 30 to 35 tonnes.
  • A P&H 2800XPC shovel has a load capacity equivalent to the weight of 40 automobiles, that is, approximately 63.5 tonnes.
  • A PC8000 shovel can manage a load equivalent to 50 automobiles (approximately 75.3 tonnes (74.1 long tons; 83.0 short tons)).

Infrastructure
Coal train
Bolívar Port
Railway
  • The mine of the Cerrejón uses the only 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge freight railway in the country
  • The tracks are 150 km (93 mi) in length, connecting the mine with Puerto Bolívar
Puerto Bolívar
  • Largest coal-export port in Latin America
  • Covered conveyor belts and a direct-loading system since 1985
  • Receives vessels of up to 180,000 tonnes (180,000 long tons; 200,000 short tons)
Airports
  • 3,500 m (11,500 ft) of runway; Mine: 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) Puerto Bolívar: 1,600 metres (5,200 ft)
  • Restricted flight area
Mine-Puerto Bolívar Motorway
  • A motorway 150 km (93 mi) long for operational support and access for the population of La Guajira since 1982. It links the southern part of the department with the northern part.
Mushaisa Residential Unit
  • Complete infrastructure for housing, commercial shops, and services for 2,200 residents
  • 297 houses, 430 apartments, and a hotel for over 200 people
  • Albania School: a bilingual school with a very high ICFES ranking. It is currently ranked 23 out of 12,273 educational institutions in the country

Extraction process
Overburden removal

The extraction process begins with the identification and relocation of wildlife in the area slated for intervention. Then the land is cleared and the topsoil is removed and stored in soil banks for the future reclamation of areas intervened by the mining operation. Subsequently, the area is drilled and explosives inserted for blasting so the hydraulic shovels can remove the overburden. This waste rock is loaded on 240-tonne and 320-tonne trucks and deposited in waste rock dump sites.

  • Once the coal seams are exposed, the tractors pile up the coal and it is loaded onto 190-tonne trucks.
  • The coal is taken to one of two crushing plants and piled in accordance with its quality and caloric value.
  • The plant crushes the coal, and transports it via conveyor belt to the silos for loading in rail cars.
  • The train travels 150 kilometres to Puerto Bolívar.
  • At the unloading station, the train unloads the coal and conveyor belts transport it to the three stacker-reclaimers, which unload it to storage piles. It is later reclaimed and sent to the linear ship-loader, which places it in the holds of coal ships.
gollark: I mean, you can get, what, 224 cores in a server now, but it's horrendously expensive.
gollark: <@451887563603574784> How do you have THAT EXPENSIVE a server?
gollark: It would, but briefly.
gollark: Ring-directly-adjacent-to-core.
gollark: Max 24.

See also

References
  1. "British lawyers launch UN bid to halt Colombian mine operations".
  2. (in Spanish) La pugna por el carbón de El Cerrejón en el siglo XIX
  3. The 10 biggest coal mines in the world
  4. Cerrejón
  5. (in Spanish) Cerrejón, una gigante que no deja de trabajar - Portafolio
  6. (in Spanish) Producción de carbón en Colombia - UPME
  7. "Our Company". Cerrejón. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.

Further reading
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