Cecil Day-Lewis

Cecil Day-Lewis (or Day Lewis) CBE (27 April 1904 – 22 May 1972), often writing as C. Day-Lewis, was an Anglo-Irish poet and Poet Laureate from 1968 until his death in 1972. He also wrote mystery stories under the pseudonym of Nicholas Blake.

"Nicholas Blake" redirects here. For other uses, see Nicholas Blake (disambiguation).

Cecil Day-Lewis

CBE
Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom
In office
2 January 1968 – 22 May 1972
MonarchElizabeth II
Preceded byJohn Masefield
Succeeded byJohn Betjeman
Personal details
Born(1904-04-27)27 April 1904
Ballintubbert, County Laois, Ireland
Died22 May 1972(1972-05-22) (aged 68)
Hadley Wood, Hertfordshire, England
Resting placeSt Michael's Church, Stinsford, Dorset, England
NationalityIrish/British
Spouse(s)
Constance Mary King
​
(
m. 1928; div. 1951)

​
(
m. 1951)
Children4, including Tamasin and Daniel
Alma materWadham College, Oxford
OccupationPoet, novelist

During World War II, Day-Lewis worked as a publications editor in the Ministry of Information for the UK government, and also served in the Musbury branch of the British Home Guard.[1] He is the father of actor Sir Daniel Day-Lewis, and documentary filmmaker and television chef Tamasin Day-Lewis.

Life and work

Day-Lewis was born in 1904 in Ballintubbert, Athy/Stradbally border, Queen's County (now known as County Laois), Ireland.[2] He was the son of Frank Day-Lewis, a Church of Ireland rector of that parish, and Kathleen Blake (née Squires; died 1906).[3] Some of his family were from England (Hertfordshire and Canterbury). His father took the surname "Day-Lewis" as a combination of his own birth father's ("Day") and adoptive father's ("Lewis") surnames.[4] In his autobiography The Buried Day (1960), Day-Lewis wrote, "As a writer I do not use the hyphen in my surname – a piece of inverted snobbery which has produced rather mixed results".[5]

After the death of his mother in 1906, when he was two years old, Cecil was brought up in London by his father, with the help of an aunt, spending summer holidays with relatives in County Wexford. He was educated at Sherborne School and at Wadham College, Oxford. In Oxford, Day-Lewis became part of the circle gathered around W. H. Auden and helped him to edit Oxford Poetry 1927. His first collection of poems, Beechen Vigil, appeared in 1925.[6]

In 1928 Day-Lewis married Constance Mary King, the daughter of a Sherborne teacher. Day-Lewis worked as a schoolmaster in three schools, including Larchfield School, Helensburgh, Scotland (now Lomond School).[6][7] During the 1940s he had a long and troubled love affair with the novelist Rosamond Lehmann. His first marriage was dissolved in 1951, and he married actress Jill Balcon, daughter of Michael Balcon.

During the Second World War he worked as a publications editor in the Ministry of Information, an institution satirised by George Orwell in his dystopian Nineteen Eighty-Four, but equally based on Orwell's experience of the BBC. During the Second World War his work was now no longer so influenced by Auden and he was developing a more traditional style of lyricism. Some critics believe that he reached his full stature as a poet in Word Over All (1943), when he finally distanced himself from Auden.[8] After the war he joined the publisher Chatto & Windus as a director and senior editor.

In 1946, Day-Lewis was a lecturer at Cambridge University, publishing his lectures in The Poetic Image (1947). Day-Lewis was made a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire by George VI in his 1950 Birthday Honours.[9] He later taught poetry at Oxford, where he was Professor of Poetry from 1951 to 1956.[6] During 1962–1963, he was the Norton Professor at Harvard University. Day-Lewis was appointed Poet Laureate in 1968, in succession to John Masefield.[10]

Day-Lewis was chairman of the Arts Council Literature Panel, vice-president of the Royal Society of Literature, an Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, a Member of the Irish Academy of Letters and a Professor of Rhetoric at Gresham College, London.

Headstone of Cecil Day-Lewis in the Stinsford churchyard.

Cecil Day-Lewis died from pancreatic cancer on 22 May 1972, aged 68, at Lemmons, the Hertfordshire home of Kingsley Amis and Elizabeth Jane Howard, where he and his family were staying. As a great admirer of Thomas Hardy, he arranged to be buried near the author's grave at St Michael's Church in Stinsford, Dorset.[6]

Day-Lewis fathered four children.[11] His first two children, with Constance Mary King, were Sean Day-Lewis, a TV critic and writer, and Nicholas Day-Lewis, who became an engineer. His children with Balcon were Tamasin Day-Lewis, a television chef and food critic, and Daniel Day-Lewis, who became an award-winning actor.[12] Sean Day-Lewis published a biography of his father, C. Day Lewis: An English Literary Life (1980).

Daniel Day-Lewis donated his father's archive to the Bodleian library.[13][14]

Nicholas Blake

In 1935, Day-Lewis decided to increase his income from poetry by writing a detective novel, A Question of Proof under the pseudonym Nicholas Blake. He created Nigel Strangeways, an amateur investigator and gentleman detective who, as the nephew of an Assistant Commissioner at Scotland Yard, has the same access to, and good relations with, official crime investigation bodies as those enjoyed by other fictional sleuths such as Ellery Queen, Philo Vance and Lord Peter Wimsey.[15] He published nineteen more crime novels. (In the first Nigel Strangeways novel, the detective is modelled on W. H. Auden, but Day-Lewis developed the character as a far less extravagant and more serious figure in later novels.)[6] From the mid-1930s Day-Lewis was able to earn his living by writing.[6] Four of the Blake novels – A Tangled Web, Penknife in My Heart, The Deadly Joker, The Private Wound – do not feature Strangeways.

Minute for Murder is set against the background of Day-Lewis's Second World War experiences in the Ministry of Information. Head of a Traveller features as a principal character a well-known poet, frustrated and suffering writer's block, whose best poetic days are long behind him. Readers and critics have speculated whether the author is describing himself, one of his colleagues, or has entirely invented the character.

Political views

In his youth and during the disruption and suffering of the Great Depression, Day-Lewis adopted communist views, becoming a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain from 1935 to 1938. His early poetry was marked by didacticism and a preoccupation with social themes.[16] In 1937 he edited The Mind in Chains: Socialism and the Cultural Revolution. In the introduction, he supported a popular front against a "Capitalism that has no further use for culture". He explains that the title refers to Prometheus bound by his chains, quotes Shelley's preface to Prometheus Unbound and says the contributors believe that "the Promethean fire of enlightenment, which should be given for the benefit of mankind at large, is being used at present to stoke up the furnaces of private profit". The contributors were: Rex Warner, Edward Upward, Arthur Calder-Marshall, Barbara Nixon, Anthony Blunt, Alan Bush, Charles Madge, Alistair Brown, J. D. Bernal, T. A. Jackson and Edgell Rickword.

After the late 1930s, which were marked by the widespread purges, repression, and executions under Josef Stalin in the Soviet Union, Day-Lewis gradually became disillusioned with communism.[6] In his autobiography, The Buried Day (1960), he renounces former communist views.[17] His detective novel, The Sad Variety (1964), contains a scathing portrayal of doctrinaire communists, the Soviet Union's repression of the 1956 Hungarian uprising, and the ruthless tactics of Soviet intelligence agents.

Selected works

Poetry collections
English Heritage blue plaque of Cecil Day-Lewis in Greenwich, London
  • Transitional Poem (1929)
  • From Feathers to Iron (1931)
  • Collected Poems 1929–1933 (1935)
  • A Time to Dance and Other Poems (1935)
  • Overtures to Death (1938)
  • Short Is the Time (1945)
  • Selected poems (1951)
  • Collected Poems (1954)
  • Pegasus and Other Poems (1957)
  • The Gate, and Other Poems (1962)
  • The Whispering Roots and Other Poems (1970)[16]
  • The Complete Poems of C.Day-Lewis (1992)[8]
  • Editor: A New Anthology of Modern Verse 1920–1940 (1941) edited with L. A. G. Strong.
  • Editor: The Chatto Book of Modern Poetry 1915–1955 (1956 edited with John Lehmann.

Essay collections
  • A Hope for Poetry (1934)[16]
  • Poetry for You (1944)
  • The Poetic Image (1947)

Translations

Novels written under his own name

Novels
  • The Friendly Tree (1936)
  • Starting Point (1937)
  • Child of Misfortune (1939)

Novels for children

Novels written as Nicholas Blake

Nigel Strangeways novels
  • A Question of Proof (1935); First US edition by Harper and Brothers (1935)
  • Thou Shell of Death (1936; First US edition by Harper and Brothers published as Shell of Death) (1936)
  • There's Trouble Brewing (1937)
  • The Beast Must Die (1938)
  • The Smiler with the Knife (1939). Serialised News Chronicle, 1939
  • Malice in Wonderland (1940; U.S. title: The Summer Camp Mystery)
  • The Case of the Abominable Snowman (1941; also published as The Corpse in the Snowman)
  • Minute for Murder (1947)
  • Head of a Traveller (1949)
  • The Dreadful Hollow (1953)
  • The Whisper in the Gloom (1954; also published as Catch and Kill)
  • End of Chapter (1957)
  • The Widow's Cruise (1959)
  • The Worm of Death (1961)
  • The Sad Variety (1964)
  • The Morning after Death (1966)

Non-series novels
  • A Tangled Web (1956; also published as Death and Daisy Bland)
  • A Penknife in My Heart (1958)
  • The Deadly Joker (1963)
  • The Private Wound (1968)

Short stories
  • 'A Slice of Bad Luck' (The Bystander, 1 December 1935; reprinted in Detection Medley, ed. John Rhode, Hutchinson 1939) (aka 'The Assassin's Club').
  • 'Mr Prendergast and the Orange' (The Sunday Dispatch 1938) (aka 'Conscience Money').
  • 'It Fell To Earth' (The Strand Magazine June 1944) (aka 'Long Shot').
  • 'The Snow Line' (Strand Magazine, February 1949) (aka 'A Study in White' aka 'A Problem in White').
  • 'Sometimes the Blind See the Clearest' (The Evening Standard 18 March 1963) aka 'Sometimes the Blind'.
  • 'Calling James Braithwaite'

Autobiography
  • The Buried Day (1960)

Bibliography
  • Sean Day-Lewis, Cecil Day-Lewis: An English Literary Life (1980)
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See also

Notes
  1. McKinstry, Leo Operation Sealion: How Britain Crushed the German War Machine's Dreams of Invasion in 194 London: John Murray Publishers, 2015 201. ISBN 1848547048
  2. "The Garden at Ballintubbert: Stradbally, County Laois". Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  3. C. S. Lewis (2009). The Collected Letters of C.S. Lewis, Volume 3: Narnia, Cambridge, and Joy, 1950 - 1963. HarperOne. p. 1657. ISBN 978-0-06-194728-5.
  4. Peter Stanford (2007). C Day-Lewis: A Life. A&C Black. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8264-8603-5.
  5. Cecil Day-Lewis (1960). The Buried Day. p. 17.
  6. Cecil Day-Lewis Archived 27 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  7. Kelbie, Paul; Davies, Caroline (30 August 2008). "Helensburgh lays claim to title of UK's most talented town". Retrieved 9 July 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
  8. "BBC". Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  9. "No. 38929". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1950. p. 2785.
  10. "No. 44494". The London Gazette. 2 January 1968. p. 89.
  11. "Cecil Day-Lewis, poet laureate, dies", The Montreal Gazette, 22 May 1972, retrieved 15 March 2010
  12. Rainey, Sarah (1 March 2013). "My brother Daniel Day-Lewis won't talk to me any more". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  13. "Daniel Day-Lewis donates poet father's archive". BBC News. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  14. "Bodleian library celebrates acquisition of Cecil Day-Lewis archive". The Daily Telegraph. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  15. "Neglected British Crime Writers". Archived from the original on 8 May 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  16. Day Lewis, C, Infoplease
  17. "Arte Historia Personajes". Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  18. An extract from this, Orpheus and Eurydice, appeared in The Queen's Book of the Red Cross.
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