Canadian Museum of History

The Canadian Museum of History (French: Musée canadien de l’histoire) is Canada's national museum of human history.[3] It is located in the Hull area of Gatineau, Quebec, directly across the Ottawa River from Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. The museum's primary purpose is to collect, study, preserve, and present material objects that illuminate the human history of Canada and the cultural diversity of its people. Formerly the Canadian Museum of Civilization (French: Musée canadien des civilisations), the name of the museum was changed in 2013 to the Canadian Museum of History.[4]

Canadian Museum of History
Musée canadien de l’histoire
Former nameGeological Survey of Canada display hall (from 1859)
National Museum of Canada (circa 1910-1968)
National Museum of Man (1968-1986)
Canadian Museum of Civilization (1986-2013)
Established1856
LocationGatineau, Quebec, Canada
TypeHuman and cultural history
Visitors1,300,000[1]
DirectorMark O'Neill[2]
Websitewww.historymuseum.ca
Canadian Museum of History Corporation network

Description

The Museum of History's permanent galleries explore Canada's 20,000 years of human history and a program of special exhibitions expands on Canadian themes and explore other cultures and civilizations, past and present. The museum is also a major research institution. Its staff includes leading experts in Canadian history, archaeology, ethnology, and folk culture.[5] The museum also organizing traveling exhibits.[6]

With roots stretching back to 1856, the museum is one of North America's oldest cultural institutions.[7] It is also home to the Canadian Children's Museum.[8] It used to be the home of the Canadian Postal Museum.[9]

The Museum of History is managed by the Canadian Museum of History Corporation, a federal Crown Corporation that is also responsible for the Canadian War Museum, the Children's Museum and the Virtual Museum of New France. The museum is a member of the Canadian Museums Association.[10] The museum is affiliated with: Canadian Museums Association (CMA), Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN), and Virtual Museum of Canada.

Exhibition galleries

The museum has three permanent exhibition galleries:[11] the Grand Hall,[12] the First Peoples Hall,[13] and the Canadian History Hall.[14] The museum also operates a movie theatre, a children's museum and special exhibit galleries.

Grand Hall
Grand Hall

The Grand Hall on the building's first level is the museum's architectural centrepiece. It features a wall of windows 112 m (367 ft) wide by 15 m (49 ft) high, framing a view of the Ottawa River and Parliament Hill. On the opposite wall is a colour photograph of similar size. It captures a forest scene and is believed to be the largest colour photograph in the world.[12]

The picture provides a backdrop for a dozen towering totem poles and recreations of six Pacific Coast Aboriginal house facades connected by a boardwalk (which is often used as a stage for different events). The homes were made by First Nations artisans using large cedar timbers imported from the Pacific Northwest. The grouping of these totem poles, combined with others in the Grand Hall, is said to be the largest indoor display of totem poles in the world.[15]

The Grand Hall also houses the original plaster pattern for the Spirit of Haida Gwaii, by Haida artist Bill Reid, his largest and most complex sculpture. The pattern was used to cast the bronze sculpture displayed outside the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C.

Located at the end of the Grand Hall, by the river, is a 19 m (62 ft) diameter dome. On the dome is the 418 m2 (4,500 sq ft) abstract painting known as Morning Star.[16] The painting, by First Nation artist Alex Janvier a Dene Suline artist, and, with the assistance of his son Dean, was completed in four months in 1993.

First Peoples Hall
Spirit of Haida Gwaii, plaster original

Also on the Museum's first level, this permanent exhibition narrates the history and accomplishments of Indigenous peoples in Canada from their original habitation of North America to the present day.[17] It explores the diversity of the First Peoples, their interactions with the land, and their on-going contributions to society. The Hall is the result of a groundbreaking, intensive collaboration that occurred between museum curators and First Peoples representatives during the planning stages.

Chronicling 20,000 years of history, the hall is separated into three larger zones:

"An Aboriginal Presence" looks at Aboriginal cultural diversity, achievements and prehistoric settlement of North America. Included are traditional stories about creation and other phenomena told by Aboriginal people such as Mi'kmaq Hereditary Chief Stephen Augustine who recounts the beginning of the world in the Creation Stories Theatre film.

"An Ancient Bond with the Land" examines the relationship between Aboriginal Peoples and the natural world.

"Arrival of Strangers - The Last 500 Years" examines Aboriginal history from the time of European contact to today. It examines early relations, the Métis, the clash of Christianity and Aboriginal beliefs, intergovernmental relations, the introduction of a wage economy, and post-World War II political and legal affirmation and civil rights. It also features a ten-minute video about sustaining Aboriginal culture, and introduces visitors to Native art.

The Quilt of Belonging in the museum's collections, the largest work of textile art made about Canada

Canadian History Hall

The Canadian History Hall is a permanent gallery dedicated to Canadian history that encompasses both the third and fourth floors of the museum, formerly home to the Canada Hall and the Canadian Personalities Hall and meant to be more comprehensive, inclusive and engaging than its precursors. It opened on July 1, 2017, in celebration of the 150th anniversary of Confederation.[18]

Notable artifacts

Architecture

The museum was designed by Douglas Cardinal, a famous Aboriginal architect educated at the University of British Columbia and the University of Texas at Austin. The museum complex consists of two wings, the public and curatorial wings, surrounded by a series of plazas connected by a grand staircase. Naturalized park areas connect the museum and its plazas to the Ottawa River and nearby Jacques Cartier Park.[19]

  • The cantelivered levels of the Curatorial Wing represent the outcropping bedrock of the Canadian Shield.
  • The Public Wing containing the museum's galleries and other public spaces, the glazing of which is intended to be emblematic of a melting glacier
  • The entrance to the Public Wing, evocative of a turtle head, native symbol of Mother Earth, with the entrance plaza along Laurier Street
  • The Grand Staircase between the two wings, leading to a lower plaza and the park alongside the Ottawa River
  • View of the entire complex from the Ottawa River

History
The home of the museum from 1881 to 1910 was the Geological Survey of Canada Building
The Victoria Memorial Museum building housed the museum from 1910 to 1989
The museum's facilities since 1989

The museum was founded in 1856 as the display hall for the Geological Survey of Canada, which was accumulating not only minerals, but biological specimens, and historical and ethnological artifacts. It was founded in Montreal, and was moved to Ottawa in 1881.[20] In 1910, upon recommendation from Franz Boas, the anthropologist-linguist Edward Sapir was appointed as the first anthropologist in the newly formed anthropology division of the museum. Soon after, the anthropologists Diamond Jenness and Marius Barbeau were hired. In 1910, now named the National Museum of Canada, it moved into the brand-new Victoria Memorial Museum Building on Metcalfe Street in downtown Ottawa. The National Gallery of Canada also occupied half a floor in the building. In 1968, the museum was split into the Museum of Nature and the Museum of Man, but both remained in the same building. In 1982, the Government of Canada announced that the Museum of Man would be moved to its own separate facility in Hull, Quebec (now Gatineau).

In response to criticisms that "Museum of Man" could be interpreted as gender-biased in light of modern sensibilities, a competition was launched in 1986 to find a new name. The National Museum of Man became the Canadian Museum of Civilization. In 1989, the museum moved into the new facility. At the time of its opening, the cost of the museum had ballooned from an initial estimate of approximately $80 million to approximately $340 million. Despite initial criticisms of the perceived Disneyfication of the museum, its enormous costs, unique architecture, and unfinished exhibits from many quarters (including the Conservative government of Brian Mulroney), the museum soon became a major tourist attraction and was embraced by different political factions as a national symbol of "a pluralistic, multicultural society."[21] In 2005, the museum attracted 1,396,000 visitors[22] but attendance had fallen to 1.2 million in 2010.[23]

The name of the museum was changed in 2013 to the Canadian Museum of History.[4] Opposition parties protested the $500,000 rebranding costs during a period of austerity.[24] The new name was accompanied by a change in purpose for the institution, namely an increased focus on Canadian history. Prior to December 12, 2013, the Museums Act had established the purpose of the prior Canadian Museum of Civilization as:[25]

The purpose of the Canadian Museum of Civilization is to increase, throughout Canada and internationally, interest in, knowledge and critical understanding of and appreciation and respect for human cultural achievements and human behavior by establishing, maintaining and developing for research and posterity a collection of objects of historical or cultural interest, with special but not exclusive reference to Canada, and by demonstrating those achievements and behaviour, the knowledge derived from them and the understanding they represent.

Changes to the museum's visual identity were implemented gradually over the course of the following months.[26][4] The Museums Act was amended on December 12, 2013 to provide a new purpose for the newly named Canadian Museum of History:[26][27]

The purpose of the Canadian Museum of History is to enhance Canadians’ knowledge, understanding and appreciation of events, experiences, people and objects that reflect and have shaped Canada’s history and identity, and also to enhance their awareness of world history and cultures.

In 2016, the museum changed its theatre from an analog IMAX theatre with 3D capacity[28] to a Barco digital theatre, known as CINE+.[29]

Presidents and CEOs
Years Director
1968–1983 Dr. William E. Taylor
1983–1998 Dr. George F. MacDonald
1999–2000 Joe Geurts (acting)
2000–2011 Dr. Victor Rabinovitch
2011 David Loye (acting)
2011–Present day Mark O'Neill

Further reading
  • Christy Vodden, Ian Dyck (2006). A world inside: a 150-year history of the Canadian Museum of Civilization. Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation, Gatineau. ISBN 0-660-19558-5.
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gollark: A replacement bee would be assigned after a few failed pings.
gollark: I don't know what they'd alert nearby people *of*.
gollark: For sending reports and such they'd just use their radios.

References
  1. "Canadian Museum of Civilization". The Canadian Museum of Civilization. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  2. "The President and CEO". The Canadian Museum of Civilization. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  3. "Canada's most visited museum celebrates 150th anniversary" (Press release). The Canadian Museum of Civilization. 10 May 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  4. Butler, Don (12 December 2013). "Hello, Canadian Museum of History". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  5. Pontbriand, Pierre. "Canadian Museum of History". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  6. "How the Canadian Museum of History brought Ancient Greece to the new world". Don Butler, Ottawa Citizen, December 6, 2014
  7. Vodden, C. and Dyck, I. A World Inside: A 150-year history of the Canadian Museum of Civilization. Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation, 2006
  8. "Canadian Children's Museum". Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  9. "The Canadian Postal Museum is now closed". Canadian Postal Museum. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 2014-01-21. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  10. "Canadian Museum Association". Museums.ca. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
  11. "Permanent Exhibitions" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
  12. "Grand Hall" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  13. "First Peoples Hall". Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  14. "Canadian History Hall". Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  15. Civilization.ca - Annual Report 1995-1996 - Research Archived March 30, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  16. "Morning Star". Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  17. "Civilization museum now the Canadian Museum of History". CBC News, Dec 12, 2013
  18. "Canada's many pasts will shape its future" | The Globe and Mail, Kate Taylor. July 7, 2017
  19. "Exterior Features and Landscaping". Written in the Stone: An Architectural Tour of the Canadian Museum of Civilization. Canadian Museum of Civilization. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  20. "Canadian Museum of Civilization - Institutional History". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. 29 December 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
  21. Gillam, Robyn (2001). Hall of Mirrors: Museums and the Canadian Public. Banff, AB: The Banff Centre. ISBN 0-920159-85-0.
  22. "2005-2006 Annual Report" (PDF). Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. Government of Canada.
  23. Gessell, Paul (October 12, 2011). "PROFILE: Talking plans with Canadian Museum of Civilization CEO Mark O'Neill". Ottawa Magazine. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
  24. "Museum spends $500K on re-brand following Tory-mandated name change". Amy Minsky, Global News, July 2, 2014
  25. "Section 8, Museums Act (S.C. 1990, c. 3)". Justice Laws Website. Department of Justice. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  26. "Bill C7: An Act to amend the Museums Act in order to establish the Canadian Museum of History and to make consequential amendments to other Acts". LEGISinfo. Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  27. "Full text of BILL C-7: An Act to amend the Museums Act in order to establish the Canadian Museum of History and to make consequential amendments to other Acts". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  28. "IMAX Theatre with 3D capacity" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
  29. Cox, Aidan (February 29, 2016). "History Museum theatre upgrades into the future". Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved March 18, 2019.

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