Brantas River

The Brantas is the longest river in East Java, Indonesia.[1] It has a length of 320 km,[2] and drains an area over 11,000 km² from the southern slope of Mount Kawi-Kelud-Butak, Mount Wilis, and the northern slopes of Mount Liman-Limas, Mount Welirang, and Mount Anjasmoro.[3] Its course is semi-circular or spiral in shape: at its source the river heads southeast, but gradually curves south, then southwest, then west, then north, and finally it flows generally eastward at the point where it branches off to become the Kalimas and Porong River.

Brantas River Kali Brantas, Sungai Brantas
A suspension bridge above the Brantas near Kesamben, Kediri, East Java (ca. 1922).
Location of river mouth Show map of Java Brantas River (Indonesia) Show map of Indonesia
Location
Country	Indonesia
Province	East Java
Physical characteristics
Source	Arjuno-Welirang
Mouth
• location	Madura Strait
Length	320 km (200 mi)
Basin size	11,800 km^2 (4,600 sq mi)

Litography of Brantas river based on the painting by Abraham Salm (1865-1872)

Brantas river before 1940

History

Brantas River in the area of Surabaya, early 20th century

Shallow Brantas river near Kediri.

King Mpu Sindok moved his kingdom from Mataram Kingdom in Central Java to a new location on this river at circa 950 A.D. Possibly (only one of a number of reasons given) due to a Mount Merapi volcanic eruption, he had to leave his kingdom to this new safe place near present city of Madiun.

Cities and regencies on Brantas River

• Batu
• Malang Regency
• Malang
• Blitar Regency
• Blitar
• Tulungagung Regency
• Kediri Regency
• Kediri
• Nganjuk Regency
• Jombang Regency
• Mojokerto Regency
• Mojokerto

Geography

The river flows in the eastern area of Java with predominantly tropical monsoon climate (designated as Am in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification).[4] The annual average temperature in the area is 26 °C. The warmest month is October, when the average temperature is around 30 °C, and the coldest is June, at 24 °C.[5] The average annual rainfall is 2982 mm. The wettest month is March, with an average of 496 mm rainfall, and the driest is August, with 28 mm rainfall.[6]

Brantas River
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     459     28 21     453     27 22     496     27 21     282     28 22     144     29 22     175     27 20     65     29 20     28     32 20     35     35 21     111     37 22     295     35 23     439     30 21 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: [5]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     18     82 70     18     81 72     20     81 70     11     82 72     5.7     84 72     6.9     81 68     2.6     84 68     1.1     90 68     1.4     95 70     4.4     99 72     12     95 73     17     86 70 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

See also

• List of rivers of Indonesia
• List of rivers of Java

References

1. Kali Brantas at Geonames.org (cc-by); Last updated 2013-06-04; Database dump downloaded 2015-11-27
2. Ramu, Kikkeri (December 2004). "Brantas River Basin Case Study, Indonesia" (pdf). Background Paper. Worldbank: 36. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
3. Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E.; Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 132.
4. Peel, M C; Finlayson, B L; McMahon, T A (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11: 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
5. "NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index". NASA. 30 January 2016.
6. "NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)". NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission. 30 January 2016.