Boris Skossyreff

Boris Mikhailovich Skossyreff (Russian: Бори́с Миха́йлович Ско́сырев, romanized: Boris Mikhailovich Skosyrev; Catalan: Borís Mikhàilovitx Skóssirev pronounced [boˌɾis .mikˌaj.lo.vit͡ʃ sˈko.si.ɾef]; 12 January 1896 - 27 February 1989) was a White Russian adventurer, international swindler and Pretender who attempted to seize the monarchy of the Principality of Andorra during the early 1930s, styling himself Boris I of Andorra.

Boris Skossyreff
"Borís I d'Andorra"
Skossyreff in 1934
Pretender to the Andorran throne
Tenure10 July 1934 – 23 July 1934
BornBorís Mikhàilovitx Skóssirev-Mavrusov
January 12, 1896
Vilna, Lithuania-Vilnius Governorate, Russian Empire
DiedFebruary 27, 1989(1989-02-27) (aged 93)
Boppard, West Germany (possibly)
SpouseMarie Louise Parat de Gassier (March 21, 1931 - )
Full name
Boris Mikhailovich Skossyreff
FatherMicheal Skossyreff
MotherElisabeth Mawrusow

Skossyreff was born in Lithuania to a family of lower nobility. Following the outbreak of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Skossyreff was able to seek political asylum in England, where he enlisted in the British army for the end of World War I. This was followed by his work in the British Foreign Office.

He moved to the Netherlands in the mid 1920s, where he was in a list of Prominent Foreign Revolutionaries in 1924, prepared by the General Intelligence and Security Service, in which he was noted as an international swindler. Despite this, Skossyreff falsely claimed to have been working in the Royal household of the Netherlands.

Through his visits to Andorra, a co-Principality in the Pyrenees co-princed by the Bishop of Urgell and President of France, in the early 1930s, Skossyreff worked on gaining power. Through extensive conversations with local politicians, in May, 1934, Boris presented the Government of Andorra a document in which he justified his intentions of rule.

Through falsely portraying himself as a member of the European aristocracy, Skossyreff proposed freedoms, modernisation, foreign investments and the recognition of a tax haven to Andorra through his self-published constitution.

Early life

Skossyreff was born on January 12, 1896, in Vilna, Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire.[1][2] His later acquired Dutch passport elaborated that his supposed title was Monsieur le Baron Boris de Skossyreff - a possible title, but likely false due to the rarity of Barons in Russia.[3] He was likely from a family of lower nobility, corresponding to his serving as an Officer in World War I.[4][5][6]

Education

Skossyreff's educational background is quite ambiguous. In press interviews, Boris spoke about a childhood friendship with the Prince of Wales.[7] Also stating that he attended the prestigious Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, followed by Magdalen College, Oxford.[8] While these claims allowed Skossyreff to build up his persona, both the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and Magdalen College, Oxford confirm that he was not a student.[9]

Political asylum

Prior to his arrival in Andorra, little is known about Skossyreff. When the Russian revolution of 1917 broke out, Skossyreff was able to seek political asylum in England, where he enlisted for around two years in the British army for the end of World War I.[10] He told The Times that he had served in the Royal Naval Air Service Armoured Service, which was sent to Russia to fight against the Germans.[11]

Following World War I, Skossyreff was mentioned in multiple newspapers for Cheque fraud and swindling of a gold watch.[12][13][14][15]

He was alleged to have served in the British Foreign Office, and partaken in several classified missions which took him to Siberia, Japan and the United States.[16] He was noted by his superiors in his post-action report for his gift for languages, which gave him an ability to connect with foreigners.[17]

Supposed Dutch nobility
Skossyreff's Dutch Passport

Skossyreff's Foreign office documents show that he left the service in 1925 and moved to the Netherlands, where he later claimed to have worked in the Dutch Royal Household, and to have been rewarded by Wilhelmina of the Netherlands with the title of "Count of Orange" – a title normally reserved for members of the Royal Family.[18][19] The Archives of the Dutch Government establish that Skossyreff did not serve the Royal Household, nor was rewarded with a title, instead being found in a list of Prominent Foreign Revolutionaries in 1924, prepared by the General Intelligence and Security Service, in which he was listed as an 'international swindler'.[20][21]

Other enterprises

In 1932, Boris registered "Boris de Skossyreff: import - export, representation" in Santa Marta, Colombia. During this period, Skossyreff learned Spanish, which he later utilised in Andorra.[22][23]

First stay in Andorra

On his first visit to Andorra, Skossyreff took up residence in the village of Santa Coloma d'Andorra, near Sant Julià de Lòria.[24] During this visit, Boris was believed to have begun planning his 'coup', having had extensive conversations with peasants, artisans and politicians across Andorra.[25]

On the 17th of May, 1934, Boris presented the former court prosecutor and other advisers to the Government of Andorra a document laden with his suggestions, in which he justified his intentions of rule.[26][27] His attempt was ridiculed by Government members, who were quoted as responding: "that he does not meddle in political affairs in the Valleys (of Andorra); and that, in the event of a repeat offence, this (Government) reserves the right to raise complaints to the competent Authority so that it applies the sanctions that will be deserved. recurrent"[28]

Exile
Skossyreff wearing a monocle

Boris saw himself as 'exiled' and settled in La Seu d'Urgell (just 5 km from Andorra) in the Hotel Mundial,[29][30] where he began behaving like an authentic monarch; one which led to many interviews, some of them telephone calls, including those given to the respective British and American newspapers, The Times and The Daily Herald.[31]

Through his attempts to gain power, Skossyreff came into contact with several legitimate royal groups in the South of France. In Perpignan, he managed to have his plans reach the representative of Prince Jean d'Orleáns, Duke of Guise, and pretender to the throne of France.[32] His argument was based on the fact that the French heads of state continued to have the rights and functions of co-princes from Andorra, and as the Duke claimed to be the 'rightful' King of France, he had rights over Andorra.[33]

During his 'exile', Skossyreff granted visits, made official receptions and organised numerous events, such as a mass for the late Catalan president Francesc Macià.[34] He was seen walking around often with monocle and a baton, adopting the character and mannerisms of a monarch, despite his apparent lack of authority.[35][36]

Skossyreff released an innovative constitution for Andorra that would have substantially modified the traditional Andorran political system. The Co-principality would have freedoms, modernisation, foreign investments and the recognition of a tax haven; one which was argued would bring Andorra into the modern age.[37][38][39] Boris printed ten thousand copies of his Constitution, addressed to Spanish and French celebrities. One of them, which ended up at the hands of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell, Justí Guitart i Vilardebó, caused uproar among his close circle, where he reaffirmed that the only co-princes of Andorra were he and the President of the French Republic.[40]

"Reign"

Skossyreff proposed to make Andorra one of the most important business centers in the world, where banks, financial entities and international companies would not waste time installing their social domicile there, taking advantage of the tax regime. He asked for a reward in return for his gift to the Andorran people - for the General Council to proclaim him Prince of Andorra. According to later legends, Boris's proposal was almost entirely supported by the Chamber; with only one adviser against the remaining twenty-three who formed the Council, the monarchy was instituted.[41] This, however, is entirely unsupported by any contemporary source. Instead, it was reported at the time that Boris was "known in Andorra, where he was considered a disturbed person."[42] He is alleged to have never set foot in Andorra during his supposed reign, his one attempt to enter the country being frustrated singlehandedly by the Spanish chief of vigilance at Urgell.[11] Boris was accompanied by his young partner, the American millionaire Florence Marmon, who was the former wife of Howard Carpenter Marmon.[43][44]

"We gave conquered the country in the name of the King of France (the Duc de Guise) as his Lord Lieutenant, but not at his delegated representatives [...] When we have taken possession of the country I will offer it to the Duke. My army is composed of 500 volunteers [...]. They have pledged themselves to free Andorra from French control and hand it to us.

— "Boris I" speaking to The Times.
Skossyreff as Boris I

Detention

The pretended reign of 'King Boris' was only to last for a few days. Boris declared war on the Bishop of Urgell, who asked the Spanish authorities to act.[45][46] The Spanish Civil Guard sent three constables and a sergeant to La Seu d'Urgell to apprehend Boris.[47] The next day he was transferred to Barcelona, where he was placed before a judge.[48][49]

On the 23rd of July, 1934, he was transferred to Madrid by train, accompanied by two agents.[50][51] His arrival in the Spanish capital coincided with Spanish journalists, who tried to interview him.[52][53] He was sent to the Modelo prison in Madrid, while acting as a monarch in exile.[54][55] Historian Arnau González explained that during his stay at Modelo de Madrid, Boris and his collaborators continued to interpret the papers they had signed. Thus, they received several telegrams in their name, in which they guaranteed that "all documents were safe" and that they would receive a postal order of 200 pesetas. There was never an explanation on which documents or what happened to the money.[56][57]

Visit to Olhão

In Olhão, Portugal, Skossyreff met Francisco Fernandes Lopes who wrote an article in 1935 about the "king of Andorra".[58][59] It was at this stage that Boris finally obtained a passport and left Olhão for Genoa, where he was denied disembarkation, only to proceed to Marseille where he finally disembarked to be reunited with his French wife.[60][61]

In France, the police seized his passport on January 7, 1936. Boris was lated said to have called Francisco Fernandes Lopes in distress with a plea to contact the then Portuguese dictator - Oliveira Salazar - to have him diplomatically intercede for him; one which seems to have occurred.[62] After 3 months in prison in Aix-en-Provence, the French authorities allowed him to return to Portugal, where he was again arrested for not having a residence permit.[63][64]

Prisoner and the rest of his life
Borís Skósyrev in Wehrmacht uniform

In June 1936 he returned to Spain, coinciding with the start of the Spanish Civil War. He went on to France in 1936, where he was arrested again in Saint-Cannat.[65][66] In 1938, the French authorities allowed him to return to Aix-en-Provence.[67]

Imprisonment, Nazi collaboration and forced labour

In February 1939, Boris was in a French prison camp with Spanish anti-Francoists, alongside Italian and Central European anti-fascists from the regions occupied by the Third Reich before World War II.[68]

In October 1942, he was released by the occupying Germans. With the victory of the allies, Boris was first arrested by the Americans, and after a brief period of freedom he was again arrested on December 4, 1946 by the French who occupied Berlin.[69] He remained in the Coblence-Metternich prison until December 17, and was harshly treated by the gendarmes because of his collaboration with the Nazis.[70]

He took up residence in Boppard (West Germany), however he went to an area controlled by the Soviets, leading to his arrest and sentencing to 25 years of forced labor in a Siberian camp. He was released in 1956, returned to Boppard and died there in 1989.[71]

Repercussions of his reign

Spanish authorities noted that Skossyreff carried a Dutch passport, but declared himself to be a Russian White émigré. However, this background is somewhat contradicted by a report in the publication Spain Week by Week, which claimed on July 25, 1934, that Skossyreff was a Jew who resided for some years in Catalonia and Majorca.[72] That account also contended that Skossyreff had made his proclamation on July 11 and that he had declared himself "Boris I, Prince of the Valleys of Andorra, Count of Orange and Baron of Skossyreff… Sovereign of Andorra and Defender of the Faith."

Legacy

A novel, titled Boris I, Rei d'Andorra (Boris I, King of Andorra) was written in 1984 by Catalan author Antoni Morell i Mora.[73] The author dedicated the book to his grandmother, who he claimed had personally met Boris. It was later adapted for the stage by Beth Escuda.[74]

gollark: The same account is actually used for 3 different bots - epicbot, μgollark and the ,flappy fly b
gollark: Which it then reads/writes SYNCHRONOUSLY in JAVASCRIPT.
gollark: It stores all its markov chains in a single JSON file.
gollark: It is SO AWFULLY PROGRAMMED.
gollark: I already run epicbot.

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Notes

Files located in the National Archives (Britain)

1918: Skossyref, Boris de, Baron Services rendered to Allied Embassies in Russia. N9531/9531/38

1919: W38 31867 Regarding the behaviour of Major Hoshimoto in regards to Skossyreff.

Skossyreff's Welfare file K562/562/236

1920: 201745/201745/38 A request for assistance by Irene Skossyreff regarding the processing of her reparation from Russia to England

1921 N3890/N4051/1226/38 Skossyreff-Cheshire, FC, Mrs Reparation Expenses of KL 10256/3764/295

L 16191/16191/238 (file) Docs on release of son, Vadim Skossyreff, from Russia

1932 Boris Skossyreff Activities: nationality L 4227/4227/ (file)

1933 Boris de Skossyreff Activities abroad K 13929/1329/241

1934 Skossyreff, Baron, Pretender to the Throne of Andorra, Activities C5139/5139/17

1935 Skossyreff, Baron de, alias Boris Count of Orange alias Rollo, Capt: Portuguese enquiry respecting L1821/1821/405 (file)

    Bibliography
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