Birrbay

The Birpai are an indigenous Australian people of New South Wales.[1]

Indigenous peoples of the NSW coast; the Birrbay are spelled "Biripi."

Language

The Birpai language was the speech of the Birpai centred in Port Macquarie. Gadjang is a community language spoken by the six tribes of the Worimi when required to meet.[2] W. J. Enright found 4 elderly speakers of Birpai at Wauchope in 1932.[3]

Country

Birpai were in possession of some 2,800 square miles (7,300 km²) of Mid North Coast land, from Gloucester eastwards to the where the Manning River debouches into the Pacific at Taree. They were mainly located north of the Manning, and on the Forbes, Hastings (Dhungang)[4] and Wilson rivers.[5]

Social organization

The Birpai, according to A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, had no moieties,[6] but did divide their hordes into 4 intermarrying groups, 4 male phratries:

• Wombo
• Kurraboo
• Wirraw
• Murrong

marrying into 4 female groups:

• Gooran
• Karragan
• Wangan
• Wirragan.[3][7]

Traditions differ as to whether the Birpai alternated between the coast and the hinterland seasonally. According to one tradition, they were divided into two distinct groups: inland women being called Winmurra and those of the coast Mari. The northern birpai pronounced bil pi alternated between inland and coastal camps according to the seasons, heading to locations that would provide best food sources. The modern families quite often still follow these protocols when the modern world allows An annual reunion of the MoB is held on the northern side of the hastings river in October. With descendants attending from far and wide, numbers for these group gatherings continue to increase annually, being held in a culturally significant location known in modern parlance as the coal wharf in contrast to assertions of near extinction claimed by John Heath in his recently released book Birrpai. Beyond the lens of Thomas Dick. The double r spelling relates to the southern mob, whilst one is the hastings river centric northern clans. Then the Biripi lands run along the western borders of said tribes.[4]

The Birpai also had personal totems, called mari.[6] The shark, dolphin and stingray are among the main totems of the clans.

Murrawin ceremony

The Birpai practiced a form of ceremonial, Murrawin, found also among the Dunghutti and Gumbaynggirr. It was described by R. H. Mathews in 1900. Unlike other native rites, this did not require the presence of entire communities: two or three adjoining tribes would meet, choose initiated men from among each, and send them into the bush. They would select a spot several miles away, clear it, and create a 20-foot diameter circle on level ground with banked earth. There they would make bullroarers (gheewarra/guarra, according to the dialect) and return to the main camp. Over the following nights, once some elders had set up another site hundreds of yards away, whirl the bullroarers, while chanting incantations, and strike coolamons rhythmically with a nulla nulla. Gradually, the initiated men trickle over to this thoorapee site until all are gathered in. At this point, a slanging match is started as each tribe hurls invectives at another, The morning after, the whole tribal assembly shifts camp, and women and the young are separated from the men, who then file off, clicking their boomerangs, as they make their way to the ceremonial ring prepared several days earlier, where they dance.[8]

On their return, they hunt game, and harvest honey, or grub up edible roots, to bring to the women's camp in procession (ngooraykoo binbinnie), where they all supper together. The men then return to the thoorapee, strip bark and form torches which they set alight and, swinging their firebrands, charge into the women's camp. Three times a boy, whom the women, on seeing the torches, prepare by stripping near their fire, is charged as if he were to be captured. A guardian, in tribal terms his brother-in-law, then, on the third attempt, takes him by the arm, and the tribesmen swing him up onto his shoulders as he is carried off.[9]

In the thoorapee camp, the novice is placed prone, and two men straddle his midriff. Two grasp his shoulders, two his legs, and a fifth his loins, and he is raised high off the ground, with the two men still astraddle, and then lowered, thrice. The 7 men then grab their genitals and ask the novice to pay attention. Each then rubs the boy's nose and mouth, and he is then placed on a bed of leaves near the campfire. Feinting forays to poke his eyes out with sticks are fended off by two men wielding nulla nullas. The attackers back off, turned their backs, and walks backwards towards the boy, bending over him and threatening to shit on him. The men armed with nulla nullas intervene to save his honour. Buried in leaves, he must then lie there all night, motionless.[10]

When morning breaks, two women elders edge near the camp, and throw boomerangs in, which fall short, and then are joined by the other women, who bear bundles of sticks. They all move towards the men's camp, singing incantations. The boy is once more set astraddle on a man's shoulders and the men tramp to the women's site, where he is let down, while his guardian stands nearby. He is then made to stand, a foot on the each shoulder of the two men who support him, and shown to the women, who throw sticks their way. Then men swarm together and, with spears and shields, form a wall to hide him, and place him back on a man's shoulders and take him back to their camp, where he is again buried in leaves. A group of elders among the men, then return to the women's camp, and successively hand over, first clumps of grass, which the younger boys receive and hold at their chests, and then bundles of sticks, which they grasp after throwing the sheaves of grass away. The men then leave, gathered grass and place it back at their camp on the initiand, while the women pack up and shift camp several miles away. While doing so, they must sing certain songs and eat a restricted diet. The men return to their old camp, and hunt as preparations are made for the last stage, the goorooyoonbang.[11]

A dozen men standing astride a twenty-foot pole, three or four inches in diameter, which had been prepared earlier, raise it simultaneously between their legs to knee-height, as the boy sits downcast near the fire. The pole is pointed his way, and the lead man has another on his shoulders, grimacing as he gesticulates wildly. The pole is then placed almost flush to the boy, who must look at it, and the tunnel of legs, and feints are made to thrust it into him, while obscene remarks are made. They back off, turn the pole 90 degrees, and swaying together, hold it before the novice. The pole is dropped with a thud, raised and dropped again several times, bringing the rite to an end.[12]

He was rudely awoken by a din of boomerangs thumping shields near his head the following morning, shown a "stranger" who has been poised, grasping two branches, as if he were trampling on air, and then told to reveal to no one the secrets revealed. They then all return to the women's camp, save for the novice, who must approach it in slow steps, pitching his gunyah every evening closer until, finally, he can enter the men's camp.[13]

History of contact

The area around Taree was first settled by a naval man, William Wynter, who took up a selection of 2,560 acres there in 1831. Wynter appears to have had very amicable relations with the Birpai, something inferred by the fact that his son William, who grew up among the Birpai, was allowed to go hunting with them, and learnt their language. This is thought to bear witness to the peaceful character of the indigenous peoples themselves.[14] Three years later cedar-cutters were establishing camps along the Manning river.[14]

The highland areas and the Falls country around the Manning and Hastings rivers were still sufficiently wild to serve the aboriginal outlaw Jimmy Governor as a sanctuary at the turn of the 20th century.[15]

Alternative names

Tindale gives the following names:[5]

• Biripi
• Birippi (?)
• Birrapee
• Birripai
• Birripi
• Bripi
• Brippai
• Waw-wyper

AIATSIS notes the following synonyms:[1]

Birbay, Biribai, Biribi, Biripi, Birippi, Birpai, Birpay, Birrapee, Birrbay, Birripai, Birripi, Bripi, Brippai, Gathang, Kattang, Waw wyper, Worimi

Notable people

• Latrell Mitchell rugby league footballer
• Josh Addo-Carr rugby league footballer
• Jade North, Australian soccer player. He hid his ethnic identity for a long time only finally to come out publicly by tattooing "Biripi" on his arm.[16]
• Ella Simon, historic figure, leader, Autobiography "Through My Eyes".[17]

Some words

• belbora/baalbora. (place of evil, name for a massacre site)
• bellbouri. (type of tea-tree)
• bucker (knee).[18]
• groki. (toad fish)
• kimbriki (water reeds)
• koribar. (white cedar)
• kundibakh. (wild apples)
• kureeki (ferns)
• tareebin (native fig fruit, hence the name Taree, where it was abundant).[19]
• tigerah. (ironbark)

Notes

Citations

1. AIATSIS - E3:Birrbay.
2. O'Grady, Voegelin & Voegelin 1966, p. 49.
3. Enright 1932, p. 100.
4. Mathews 2005.
5. Tindale 1974, p. 192.
6. Radcliffe-Brown 1930, p. 237.
7. Mathews 1900, p. 41.
8. Mathews 1900, pp. 35–36.
9. Mathews 1900, pp. 36–37.
10. Mathews 1900, p. 37.
11. Mathews 1900, p. 38.
12. Mathews 1900, p. 39.
13. Mathews 1900, p. 40.
14. Blomfield 2013.
15. Doukakis 2006, p. 12.
16. Gorman 2017, pp. 324–325.
17. Ramsland 2012.
18. Ryan 1964, pp. 284–287, 297,300.
19. Ryan 1964, p. 288.

Sources

• Bench of Magistrates, Wingham (1887). Curr, Edward Micklethwaite (ed.). The Manning River (PDF). Volume 3. Melbourne: J. Ferres. pp. 350–351.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Blomfield, Geoffrey (2013) [First published 1981]. Baal Belbora: The End of the Dancing. Australian e-book. ISBN 978-1-925-02922-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Doukakis, Anna (2006). Aboriginal People, Parliament and "protection" in New South Wales, 1856-1916. Federation Press. ISBN 978-1-862-87606-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• "E3: Birrbay". AIATSIS. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
• Enright, W. J. (August 1932). "Social Divisions of the Birripai" (PDF). Mankind. 1 (5): 102.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Gorman, Joe (2017). Death and Life of Australian Soccer. University of Queensland Press. ISBN 978-0-702-25926-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Mathews, Nareile (2005). Her Story: Searching for the Lost Women of the Two Rivers (PDF). Hastings Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2017.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Mathews, R. H. (1900). "The Murrawin ceremony". Queensland Geographical Journal. 16: 35–41.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• O'Grady, Geoffrey N.; Voegelin, Charles F.; Voegelin, Florence M. (February 1966). "Languages of the World: Indo-Pacific Fascicle Six". Anthropological Linguistics. 8 (2): 1–197. JSTOR 30029431.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (June 1930). "The Social Organization of Australian Tribes. Part II". Oceania. 1 (2): 206–246. JSTOR 40327321.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Ramsland, John (2012). "Simon, Cinderella Jane (1902–1981)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 10 October 2018.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Ryan, B. J. S. (June 1964). "Some Aboriginal Place Names on the Mid-North Coast of New South Wales". Oceania. 34 (4): 278–307. JSTOR 40329446.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Birpai (NSW)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)