Beverage antenna

The Beverage antenna or "wave antenna" is a long-wire receiving antenna mainly used in the low frequency and medium frequency radio bands, invented by Harold H. Beverage in 1921.[1] It is used by amateur radio, shortwave listening, and longwave radio DXers and military applications.

A Beverage antenna consists of a horizontal wire from one-half to several wavelengths long (hundreds of feet at HF to several kilometres for longwave) suspended above the ground, with the feedline to the receiver attached to one end and the other terminated through a resistor to ground.[2][3] The antenna has a unidirectional radiation pattern with the main lobe of the pattern at a shallow angle into the sky off the resistor-terminated end, making it ideal for reception of long distance skywave (skip) transmissions from stations over the horizon which reflect off the ionosphere. However the antenna must be built so the wire points at the location of the transmitter.

The advantages of the Beverage are excellent directivity and a wider bandwidth than resonant antennas. Its disadvantages are its physical size, requiring considerable land area, and inability to rotate to change the direction of reception. Installations often use multiple antennas to provide wide azimuth coverage.

History

Harold Beverage experimented with receiving antennas similar to the Beverage antenna in 1919 at the Otter Cliffs Radio Station.[4][5] He discovered in 1920 that an otherwise nearly bidirectional long-wire antenna becomes unidirectional by placing it close to the lossy earth and by terminating one end of the wire with a resistor. In 1921, beverage was granted a patent for his antenna. That year, Beverage long-wave receiving antennas up to nine miles (14 km) long had been installed at RCA's Riverhead, New York,[6] Belfast, Maine,[7] Belmar, New Jersey,[8] and Chatham, Massachusetts,[9] receiver stations for transatlantic radiotelegraphy traffic. Perhaps the largest Beverage antenna—an array of four phased Beverages[10] three miles (5 km) long and two miles (3 km) wide—was built by AT&T in Houlton, Maine, for the first transatlantic telephone system[11] opened in 1927.

Description
Animation showing how the antenna works. Due to ground resistance the electric field of the radio wave (E, big red arrows) is at an angle θ to the vertical, creating a horizontal component parallel to the antenna wire (small red arrows). The horizontal electric field creates a traveling wave of oscillating current (I, blue line) and voltage along the wire, which increases in amplitude with distance from the end. When it reaches the driven end (left), the current passes through the transmission line to the receiver. Radio waves in the other direction, toward the terminated end, create traveling waves which are absorbed by the terminating resistor R, so the antenna has a unidirectional pattern.
A Beverage antenna that can be improvised for military field communications, from a 1995 U.S. Army field manual. Rather than being grounded, the resistor is attached to a second lower wire which serves as a counterpoise, an artificial ground for the transmitter. The antenna's main lobe, its direction of greatest sensitivity, is to the right, off the end of the wire that is terminated in the resistor.

The Beverage antenna consists of a horizontal wire one-half to several wavelengths long, suspended close to the ground, usually 10 to 20 feet high, pointed in the direction of the signal source.[3][2] At the end toward the signal source it is terminated by a resistor to ground approximately equal in value to the characteristic impedance of the antenna considered as a transmission line, usually 400 to 800 ohms. At the other end it is connected to the receiver with a transmission line, through a balun to match the line to the antenna's characteristic impedance.

Operation

Unlike other wire antennas such as dipole or monopole antennas which act as resonators, with the radio currents traveling in both directions along the element, bouncing back and forth between the ends as standing waves, the Beverage antenna is a traveling wave antenna; the radio frequency current travels in one direction along the wire, in the same direction as the radio waves.[3][2][12] The lack of resonance gives it a wider bandwidth than resonant antennas. It receives vertically polarized radio waves, but unlike other vertically polarized antennas it is suspended close to the ground, and requires some resistance in the ground to work.

The Beverage antenna relies on "wave tilt" for its operation.[13] At low and medium frequencies, a vertically polarized radio frequency electromagnetic wave traveling close to the surface of the earth with finite ground conductivity sustains a loss that causes the wavefront to "tilt over" at an angle.[3][2][12] The electric field is not perpendicular to the ground but at an angle, producing an electric field component parallel to the Earth's surface. If a horizontal wire is suspended close to the Earth and approximately parallel to the wave's direction, the electric field generates an oscillating RF current wave traveling along the wire, propagating in the same direction as the wavefront. The RF currents traveling along the wire add in phase and amplitude throughout the length of the wire, producing maximum signal strength at the far end of the antenna where the receiver is connected.

The antenna wire and the ground under it together can be thought of as a "leaky" transmission line which absorbs energy from the radio waves.[12] The velocity of the current waves in the antenna is less than the speed of light due to the ground. The velocity of the wavefront along the wire is also less than the speed of light due to its angle. At a certain angle θmax the two velocities are equal. At this angle the gain of the antenna is maximum, so the radiation pattern has a main lobe at this angle. The angle of the main lobe is[14]

where

is the length of the antenna wire,
is the wavelength.

The antenna has a unidirectional reception pattern, because RF signals arriving from the other direction, from the receiver end of the wire, induce currents propagating toward the terminated end, where they are absorbed by the terminating resistor.

Gain

While Beverage antennas have excellent directivity, because they are close to lossy Earth, they do not produce absolute gain; their gain is typically from −20 to −10 dBi. This is rarely a problem, because the antenna is used at frequencies where there are high levels of atmospheric radio noise. At these frequencies the atmospheric noise, and not receiver noise, determines the signal-to-noise ratio, so an inefficient antenna can be used. The antenna is not used as a transmitting antenna since, to do so, would mean a large portion of the drive power is wasted in the terminating resistor[15]

Directivity increases with the length of the antenna. While directivity begins to develop at a length of only 0.25 wavelength, directivity becomes more significant at one wavelength and improves steadily until the antenna reaches a length of about two wavelengths. In Beverages longer than two wavelengths, directivity does not increase because the currents in the antenna cannot remain in phase with the radio wave.

Implementation

A single-wire Beverage antenna is typically a single straight copper wire, between one-half and two wavelengths long, run parallel to the Earth's surface in the direction of the desired signal. The wire is suspended by insulated supports above the ground.[16] A non-inductive resistor approximately equal to the characteristic impedance of the wire, about 400 to 600 ohms, is connected from the far end of the wire to a ground rod. The other end of the wire is connected to the feedline to the receiver.[17]

A dual-wire variant is sometimes utilized for rearward null steering or for bidirectional switching. The antenna can also be implemented as an array of 2 to 128 or more elements in broadside, endfire, and staggered configurations, offering significantly improved directivity otherwise very difficult to attain at these frequencies. A four-element broadside/staggered Beverage array was used by AT&T at their longwave telephone receiver site in Houlton, Maine. Very large phased Beverage arrays of 64 elements or more have been implemented for receiving antennas for over-the-horizon radar systems.

The driving impedance of the antenna is equal to the characteristic impedance of the wire with respect to ground, somewhere between 400 and 800 ohms, depending on the height of the wire. Typically a length of 50-ohm or 75-ohm coaxial cable would be used for connecting the receiver to the antenna endpoint. A matching transformer should be inserted between any such low-impedance transmission line and the higher 470-ohm impedance of the antenna.[18]

gollark: In a metaapiaristic way.
gollark: Wow, that's pretty apioformic.
gollark: "Apioformic" in a good or bad way?
gollark: "more than zero" does not.
gollark: It isn't more specific. It says the same thing.

See also

Patents

References
  1. Beverage, Harold H.; Rice, Chester W.; Kellogg, Edward W. (January 1923). "The Wave Antenna - A New Type of Highly Directive Antenna". Trans. AIEE. AIEE. 42: 215–266. doi:10.1109/T-AIEE.1923.5060870. ISSN 0096-3860.
  2. Laporte, Edmund A. (1952). Radio Antenna Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp. 55–59.
  3. Carr, Joseph J. (January 1998). "The Beverage Antenna". Popular Electronics. Farmington, IL: Gernsback Publications. 15 (1): 40–46. Retrieved July 1, 2016., also archived here
  4. "End of an Era: NSGA Winter Harbor to Close Its Doors". navy.mil. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  5. "Radio NBD, Otter Cliffs, Maine (circa 1917-1919) - from Les Smallwood, CTRCS, USN Retired". navycthistory.com. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  6. Charles William Taussig (1922). "The Book of Radio--Radio Central". Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  7. "Radio Free Belfast (Maine)". maine.gov. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  8. Carl, Corinne. "Info Age - 1914 Station Description". campevans.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  9. "Chatham Marconi Maritime Center -- Marconi-RCA Wireless Museum & Education Center". chathammarconi.org. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  10. four phased Beverages
  11. first transatlantic telephone system
  12. Poisel, Richard (2012). Antenna Systems and Electronic Warfare Applications. Artech House. pp. 300–310. ISBN 978-1608074846.
  13. Constantine A. Balanis (3 December 2012). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 648–. ISBN 978-1-118-58573-3.
  14. Poisel (2012) Antenna Systems and Electronic Warfare Applications, p.310, eq. 8.18.
  15. H. Ward Silver (2008). The ARRL Extra Class License Manual for Ham Radio. American Radio Relay League. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-0-87259-135-6.
  16. Rudolf F. Graf (11 August 1999). Modern Dictionary of Electronics. Elsevier Science. pp. 843–. ISBN 978-0-08-051198-6.
  17. Peter C. Sandretto (1958). Electronic Aviation Engineering. International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation.
  18. Jerry Sevick (2001). Transmission Line Transformers. Noble Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-884932-18-2.

Sources
  • Antenna Theory and Design by Warren L. Stutzman, Gary A. Thiele, John Wiley & Sons, May 22, 2012
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