Bend (heraldry)

In heraldry, a bend is a band or strap running from the upper dexter (the bearer's right side and the viewer's left) corner of the shield to the lower sinister (the bearer's left side, and the viewer's right). Authorities differ as to how much of the field it should cover, ranging from one-fifth (if shown between other charges) up to one-third (if charged alone). The supposed rule that a bend should occupy a maximum of one-third of the field appears to exclude the possibility of three bends being shown together, but contrary examples exist. Outside heraldry, the term "bend (or bar) sinister" is sometimes used to imply illegitimacy, though it is almost never true that a bend sinister has this significance, and a "bar sinister" cannot, by its nature, exist.

"Bendy" redirects here. For other uses, see Bendy (disambiguation).
Azure, a bend or, possibly the most famous bend in heraldic history, which was the subject of one of the earliest cases in heraldic law in England, Scrope v. Grosvenor (1389)
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Variations
Heraldic achievement of Hugh Fortescue, 1st Earl Fortescue, showing arms of Fortescue impaling Grenville. Baron: Azure, a bend engrailled argent plain cottised or; Femme: Vert, on a cross argent five torteaux.[1]

A bend can be modified by most of the lines of partition, such as the bend engrailed in the ancient arms of Fortescue and the bend wavy in the ancient coat of Wallop, Earls of Portsmouth.

Diminutives

The diminutives of the bend, being narrower versions, are as follows, in descending order of width:

  • Bendlet: One-half as wide as a bend, as in the arms of Manchester City Council, England. A bendlet couped is also known as a baton,[2] as in the coat of Elliot of Stobs[3]
  • Cotise: One-fourth the width of a bend; it appears only in pairs, one on either side (French: coté) of a bend, in which case the bend is said to be cotised as in the ancient arms of Fortescue and Bohun and in the more modern arms of Hyndburn Borough Council, England.
  • Riband or ribbon: Also one-fourth the width of a bend. It is also called a cost as in the arms of Abernethie of Auchincloch (Or, a lion rampant gules surmounted of a cost sable, all within a bordure engrailed azure — first and fourth quarters)[4]
  • Scarp (or scarf): a bend sinister of one-half width.[5]

Bend sinister
Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle (d.1542) bore the arms of the House of York with a bendlet sinister overall.

The usual bend is occasionally called a bend dexter when it needs to contrast with the bend sinister, which runs in the other direction, like a sash worn diagonally from the left shoulder (Latin sinister means left). The bend sinister and its diminutives such as the baton sinister are rare as an independent motif; they occur more often as marks of distinction. The term "bar sinister" is an erroneous term when used in this context, since the "bar" in heraldry refers to a horizontal line.

The bend sinister, reduced in size to that of a bendlet (narrow) or baton (ending short of the edge of the shield), was one of the commonest brisures (differences) added to the arms of illegitimate offspring of European aristocratic lords.[6] Such royal descent was considered a mark of honour,[7] and in most of Europe, illegitimate children of nobles, despite having few legal rights, were customarily regarded as noble and married within the most aristocratic families.[8]

This was the usual mark used to identify illegitimate descendants of the English royal family dating from fifteenth century, as in the arms of Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, illegitimate son of Edward IV of England.[9] The full-sized bend sinister was seldom used in this way, and more recent examples also exist of bends sinister that have no connection with illegitimacy, such as in the arms of the Burne-Jones baronets.[10] These markings were never subject to strict rules,[11] and the customary English use of the bend, bendlet, and baton sinister to denote illegitimacy in this way eventually gave way to the use of different kinds of bordures.[12]

"Bar sinister"

Sir Walter Scott is credited with inventing the phrase bar sinister, which has become a metonymic term for bastardy.[13] Heraldry scholar Arthur Charles Fox-Davies and others state that the phrase derives from a misspelling of barre, the French term for bend.[14] Despite its not being a real heraldic symbol (a bar cannot actually be either dexter or sinister since it is horizontal), bar sinister has become a standard euphemism for illegitimate birth.[15]

Similar elements

In bend
Arms of Northcote: Argent, three crosses-crosslet in bend sable[16]

The phrase in bend refers to the appearance of several items on the shield being lined up in the direction of a bend, as in the arms of the ancient Northcote family of Devon: Argent, three crosses-crosslet in bend sable.[16] It is also used when something is slanted in the direction of a bend, as in the coat of Surrey County Council in England.[17]

Bendwise

A charge bendwise is slanted like a bend. When a charge is placed on a bend, by default it is shown bendwise.

Party per bend
Party per bend, argent and gules

A shield party per bend (or simply per bend) is divided into two parts by a single line which runs in the direction of a bend. Applies not only to the fields of shields but also to charges.

Bendy
Arms of the first house of Burgundy: Bendy or and azure, a bordure gules

Bendy is a variation of the field consisting (usually) of an even number of parts,[18] most often six; as in the coat of the duchy of Burgundy.

Analogous terms are derived from the bend sinister: per bend sinister, bendwise sinister, bendy sinister.

Engouled

In Spanish heraldry, bends may be engouled, or swallowed, by the heads of dragons or wolves. A famous example of this is in the Royal Bend of Castile.

In national flags

Citations
  1. Debrett's 1968, p. 461.
  2. Boutell (1914), p. 58.
  3. Public Register volume 1, page 144.
  4. Public Register volume 1, page 69
  5. Edmondson, Joseph (1780). A Complete Body of Heraldry. p. 163 – via Internet Archive.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  6. Woodward & Burnett (1892), p. 172; Montagu (1840), pp. 41–42.
  7. Bertelli & Litchfield (2003), pp. 174–5.
  8. Montagu (1840), pp. 41–42.
  9. Montagu (1840), pp. 41–42; Bertelli & Litchfield (2003), pp. 174–5; Boutell (1914), pp. 190-1.
  10. Fox-Davies (1909), p. 512; O'Shea (1986), pp. 11–12.
  11. Fox-Davies (1909), p. 508; Woodward & Burnett (1892), p. 553.
  12. Boutell (1914), pp. 190-1.
  13. Wilson (2005), p. 56; Freeman (2009), p. 29.
  14. Woodward & Burnett (1892), p. 172; O'Shea (1986), pp. 11–12; Fox-Davies (1909), p. 508.
  15. Wilson (2005), p. 56; Hogarth & Pine; 2017.
  16. Debrett's 1968, p. 604.
  17. Weald and Downs n.d.
  18. Boutell (1914), p. 59.

Bibliography

Further reading
  • Boutell, Charles (1890). Heraldry, Ancient and Modern: Including Boutell's Heraldry. London: Frederick Warne. OCLC 6102523 – via Internet Archive.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Brooke-Little, J P (1985) [1975]. An heraldic alphabet (New and revised ed.). London: Robson Books.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Young, Robert (12 May 2005). "Civic Heraldry of England and Wales". Retrieved 24 July 2019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Clark, Hugh (1892) [1775]. Planché, J. R. (ed.). An Introduction to Heraldry (18th ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. ISBN 1-4325-3999-X. LCCN 26005078 – via Internet Archive.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Cussans, John E. (2003). Handbook of Heraldry. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-7338-0. LCCN 04-24470
  • Friar, Stephen, ed. (1987). A New Dictionary of Heraldry. Sherborne: Alphabooks.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Greaves, Kevin (2000). A Canadian Heraldic Primer. Ottawa: Heraldry Society of Canada.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Heraldry Society (England). "Members' Roll of Arms".CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Heraldry Society of Scotland. "HSS Members' - Scots Arms". Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2010-07-26.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Innes, Sir Thomas (1956). Scots Heraldry (second ed.). Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Moncreiffe, Iain; Pottinger, Don (1953). Simple Heraldry. London and Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Neubecker, Ottfried (1976). Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning. Maidenhead, England: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-046312-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. "Members' Roll of Arms".CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bureau of Heraldry. "Gallery". National Archives & Records Service of South Africa.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • von Volborth, Carl-Alexander (1981). Heraldry: Customs, Rules and Styles. Poole, England: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-0940-5. LCCN 81670212.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Woodcock, Thomas; Robinson, John Martin (1988). The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211658-4. LCCN 88023554.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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