Beljarica

Beljarica (Serbian: Бељарица) is a wetland in the Danube valley in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. Since 2013 it is in the process of becoming protected area. Due to the abundant wildlife and undisturbed nature, though being close to downtown Belgrade, it has been nicknamed "Belgrade's Amazonia".[1][2]

Location

Beljarica is located northwest of Belgrade, in the southwest corner of the Pančevački Rit marshland and, thus, of the Banat region. It begins 15 km (9.3 mi)[2] from downtown and spawns along the left bank of the Danube, approximately from Danube's 1,175 km (730 mi) to 1,190 km (740 mi).[3] It belongs to the municipality of Palilula and, though inhabited, it is administratively divided between the settlements of Borča (southern), Kovilovo (central) and Padinska Skela (northern part).

It begins north of the point where the Pupin Bridge crosses the Danube[2] and stretches across several neighborhoods and settlements on the left, Syrmian bank: Nova Galenika, 13. Maj, Batajnica (in the municipality of Zemun) and Novi Banovci (in the municipality of Stara Pazova).

Geography

Beljarica occupies the marshland between the left bank of the Danube and the curved embankment which protects the drained and arable land in Pančevački Rit and is geographically known as the Pančevači Rit's Cassette).[4] Northern section is known as the bog of Široka Bara.[3] It covers an area of 18.6 km2 (7.2 sq mi)[1] and is locally also known as "Crvenka" or "Balaton".[2]

As an elongated floodplain along the Danube, Beljarica is a typical green corridor.[1] The marshland represents a mosaic of bogs, streams, oxbows, meanders and lush forests and makes a natural riparian zone which receives the surplus of water during the high water level of the Danube, thus preventing the flooding downstream.[2] It is not preventing flooding of its direct hinterland (some 340 km2 (130 sq mi) Pančevački Rit), but also parts of Zemun, New Belgrade and even lowlands upstream the Sava river from its mouth into the Danube.[4][5]

Natural life

Forest

The belt between the inner and outer embankments, and the river, is planted with the forest trees. The forest acts as an obstacle for the high waters and strong winds, protecting this way the inland settlements (Borča, Kovilovo, Padinska Skela). It forms a sanitary and hygienic belt between the river and the human habitats, while the oxygen production is beneficial even for the settlements across the Danube. The most abundant tree species is the poplar. Poplars have been systematically planted and constantly re-planted as after 20 to 25 years they are being cut for the industrial production. The poplar is known for its fast growth and almost sponge-like absorption qualities, but the water is also absorbed by the humus layer which developed in time on the forest floor.[6]

The area is prone to storms. In 2004, a powerful storm destroyed thousands of trees. In September 2017, another storm ravaged 90 ha (220 acres) of forest. In July 2019, Beljarica was hit by a heavy storm. A twister was formed which in only several minutes ripped out several thousand trees on an area of 2 km2 (0.77 sq mi). It is estimated that a total of 66,000 m3 of wood was destroyed. The trees destroyed by the storm were planted between 2000 and 2004.[6]

Wildlife

The wetland is home to 216 plant species, 139 species of insects and 98 species of fish.[7] Beljarica is a major fish spawning and bird nesting area. Of 136 bird species which live in Beljarica, 108 are protected.[8] There are several nesting couples of the largest European eagle, white-tailed eagle,[1] and the black stork also lives in the area.[2] After coming into the public spot, survey of Beljarica increased, so by 2020, a 166 species of birds were reported, of which 137 are protected.[4]

Mammals in the wetland include otter, wild cat, pine marten and beech marten,[1] but also wild hog, coypu and jackal.[2] There are 62 mammalian species in Beljarica.[7]

Protection and human interaction

As Serbia is a signatory of the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and the Birds Directive, the state is obliged to protect such an abundant bird habitat. In 2010, the League for the Ornithological Action petitioned for the protection of the area, which was accepted by the City Secretariat for Environment which forwarded it to the Institute for Nature Conversation of Serbia. In 2013 they placed Beljarica in the "process of becoming a protected area", as the nature reserve. That way, Beljarica is considered as being protected until the government decides whether it will declare it a reserve or not. Additionally, with the islands of Great War Island and Little War Island, it constitutes the Important Bird Area of the "Sava's mouth into the Danube".[1][4]

In 2015, with changed both the local and state government, city assembly was to vote on declaring the reserve of the "Wetland on the Danube's left bank in Belgrade", which was even envisioned as the core of the future "National Park Belgrade" but the motion was withdrawn before the vote.[2] After President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping visited Serbia in 2016, it was announced that the large, new port of Belgrade will be built in the central part of Beljarica.[1] The proposed area of the future port is almost half of the wetland and should cover 8.72 km2 (3.37 sq mi) in its central part.[2] The port was planned for the yearly transport of 3 to 5 million tons.[4]

Environmentalists protested stating that the partial urbanization and industrialization will fragment the wetland and that remaining small patches of marsh will not be able to sustain such an abundant wildlife. Petition for the preservation of Beljarica was organized in June 2017.[1] By 2017 the proposal of the new port was temporarily retracted for additional revisions.[8]

In February 2020, the government announced construction of the new port.[9] After protests by the ecologists and media, in March 2020, claiming it is acting upon the petitions from the environmentalists' groups, Ministry of Construction announced that the new port will not be built in Beljarica, as they "already dropped the idea". Instead, they will use one of the other three proposed locations, one of which is upstream from Beljarica, which is also considered a bad solution by the ecologists. Any accident in the port, or on the river (oil spills, etc.), will pollute Beljarica anyway. Institute for Nature Conversation stated they are in the process of drafting the protection study Foreland of Danube's Left Bank in Belgrade.[4] The ministry claimed the construction of new port, still on the unknown location, will commence in June 2021.[5]

By 2020, Beljarica grew more known to the citizens, becoming more popular recreational area instead of being known only to ecologists and bird watchers. The visitors to the outer parts of the wetland include cyclists, recreational athletes, dog walkers and excursionists (holidays, picnics, etc.).[4]

gollark: (this is a lie, I am not sure)
gollark: I'm sure *your* macron would be great if it was ever implemented.
gollark: But you should just be able to do `<r: AntisymmetricBinRelation>`, bee.
gollark: The implications are obvious.
gollark: ```coqTheorem macron_comonoidness : forall (macron : Macron), macron macron = comonoid in the category of endofunctorial selective applicatives.Proof. intro. simpl. reflexivity. Qed.```

References
  1. Dragana Jokić Stamenković (25 June 2017), "Peticija za spas beogradske Amazonije", Politika (in Serbian), p. 09
  2. Ljubica Krstić (21 June 2017). "Posetili smo "beogradsku Amazoniju" o kojoj bruje društvene mreže i vratili se besni" (in Serbian). Noizz.
  3. Turističko područje Beograda. Geokarta. 2007. ISBN 86-459-0099-8.
  4. Branka Vasiljević (6 March 2020). "Beljarica ostaje oaza ptica i šuma" [Beljarica remains oasis of birds and forests]. Politika (in Serbian). p. 15.
  5. Jelena Zorić (1 March 2020). "Pravda za ptice - država odustala od izgradnje nove beogradske luke u Beljarici" [Justice for birds - state gave up on building new Belgrade port in Beljarica] (in Serbian). N1.
  6. Branka Vasiljević (12 July 2019). "Olujna pijavica uništila topole na oko 200 hektara" [Storm funnel destroyed poplars on 200 hectares]. Politika (in Serbian). p. 15.
  7. "Diskusija: nova luka ili rezervat prirode?" (in Serbian). B92. 18 September 2016.
  8. M.Stanojković (21 June 2017). "Uništenjem oaze prirode nadomak Beograda, vidre i orlovi ostaju bez kuće" (in Serbian). Večernje Novosti.
  9. Jelena Zorić (29 February 2020). "Najavljena gradnja nove luke, stručnjaci kažu - ugrožen opstanak Dunavske oaze" [Construction of new port announced, experts say - survival of Danube's oasis threatened] (in Serbian). N1.

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