Bandra–Worli Sea Link

The Bandra–Worli Sea Link (officially known as Rajiv Gandhi Sea Link[1]) is a bridge that links Bandra in the Western Suburbs of Mumbai with Worli in South Mumbai. It is a cable-stayed bridge with pre-stressed concrete-steel viaducts on either side. It is a part of the proposed Western Freeway that will link the Western Suburbs to Nariman Point in Mumbai's main business district.

Bandra Worli Sealink During Early Monsoon

Bandra Worli Sea Link
Bandra Worli Sea Link from Bandra Fort
Coordinates19.0364°N 72.8172°E / 19.0364; 72.8172
Carries4 lanes of traffic in each direction
CrossesMahim Bay
LocaleMumbai, Maharashtra, India
Official nameRAJIV GANDHI SEA LINK[1]
OwnerMSRDC
Maintained byMSRDC
Characteristics
DesignCable-stayed main spans; concrete-steel precast segment viaducts at either end
Total length5.6 kilometres (3.5 mi)[2]
Width2 x 20 metres (66 ft)
Height126 metres (413 ft)[3]
Longest span2 x 250 metres (820 ft)[4]
History
DesignerSeshadri Srinivasan[5]
Constructed byHindustan Construction Company, India
Construction start2000[6]
Construction end30 June 2009
Opened24 March 2010 (2010-03-24)[7]
Statistics
Toll₹70 (98¢ US) Car
₹110 (US$1.50) LCV
₹145 (US$2.00) Heavy vehicle[8]
Connects Bandra to Worli

The 1M bridge was commissioned by the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC), and built by the Hindustan Construction Company. The first four of the eight lanes of the bridge were opened to the public on 30 June 2009.[9] All eight lanes were opened on 24 March 2010.

The sea-link reduces travel time between Bandra and Worli during peak hours from 20–30 minutes to 10 minutes.[10] As of October 2009, BWSL had an average daily traffic of around 37,500 vehicles.[11]

History
Northern viaduct of BWSL in the foreground seen against the Worli skyline. View from Bandra Fort
Sunset View of Bandra Worli Sealink from Dadar Chowpatty spanning over Mahim Bay

Mahim Causeway was the only road connecting the western suburbs to Mumbai's central business district. This north-southwestern corridor became a bottleneck and was highly congested at peak hours. The Western Freeway project was proposed to span the entire western coastline of Mumbai to ease congestion. The Bandra–Worli Sea-Link, a bridge over Mahim Bay, was proposed as the first phase of this freeway system, offering an alternative route to the Mahim Causeway.

The Mujeeb Acharwala Bridge connects the intersection of the Western Express Highway and Swami Vivekanand Road in Bandra to the Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Road in Worli. From Worli Seaface, it connects to Mumbai's arterial Annie Besant Road.

The project was commissioned by the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation Limited (MSRDC). The contract for construction was awarded to the Hindustan Construction Company (HCC), with project management led by the UK offices of Dar Al-Handasah.[12]

The foundation stone was laid in 1999 by Bal Thackeray. The original plan estimated the cost at ₹6.6 billion (US$93 million) to be completed in five years.[13] But the project was subject to numerous public interest litigations, with the 5-year delay resulting in the cost escalating to ₹16 billion (US$220 million),[14] with the additional interest cost alone accounting for ₹7 billion (US$98 million).[13]

Planning

The overall project consisted of five parts, contracted separately to accelerate the overall schedule.

  • Package I: Construction of a flyover over Love Grove junction in Worli
  • Package II: Construction of a cloverleaf interchange at the intersection of the Western Express Highway and S.V. Road in Bandra
  • Package III: Construction of solid approach road from the interchange to the Toll Plaza on the Bandra side along with a public promenade
  • Package IV: Construction of the central cable-stayed spans with northern and southern viaducts from Worli to the Toll Plaza at the Bandra end
  • Package V: Improvements to Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan Road

Package IV was the main phase, with the other packages providing supporting infrastructure.

Geology

Surveys of the seabed under the planned route were conducted before the bridge design commenced. The marine geology underneath the bridge consists of basalts, volcanic tuffs and breccias with some intertrappean deposits. These are overlain by completely weathered rocks and residual soil. The strength of these rocks range from extremely weak to extremely strong and their conditions range from highly weathered and fractured, to fresh, massive and intact. The weathered rock beds are further overlain by transported soil, calcareous sandstone and thin bed of coarse grained conglomerate. The top of these strata are overlain by marine soil layer up to 9m thick consisting of dark brown clay silt with some fine sand overlying weathered, dark brown basaltic boulders embedded in the silt.

Design

BWSL was designed as the first cable-stayed bridge to be constructed in open seas in India. Due to the underlying geology, the pylons have a complex geometry and the main span over the Bandra channel is one of the longest spans of concrete deck attempted. Balancing these engineering complexities with the aesthetics of the bridge presented significant challenges for the project.

The superstructure of the viaducts were the heaviest precast segments to be built in India. They were built using a span-by-span method using overhead gantry through a series of vertical and horizontal curves.

The 20,000 tonne Bandra-end span of the bridge deck is supported by stay cables within a very close tolerance of deviations in plan and elevation.[15]

The Bandra–Worli Sea Link was the first infrastructure project in Mumbai to use seismic arresters. These will enable it to withstand earthquakes measuring up to 7.0 on the Richter scale.[16]

Foundation and substructure

The construction of the bridge's structure presented major engineering challenges. These included the highly variable geotechnical conditions due to the underlying marine geology of the seabed. At times, even for plan area of a single pile had a highly uneven foundation bed. Further complications included the presence of a variable intertidal zone, with parts of the foundation bed exposed in low tide and submerged in high tide.

The foundations for the BWSL's cable-stayed bridges consist of 120 reinforced concrete piles of 2,000 millimetres (6.6 ft) diameter. Those for the viaducts consist of 484 piles of 1,500 millimetres (4.9 ft). These 604 piles were driven between 6m and 34m into the substrate in geotechnical conditions that varied from highly weathered volcanic material to massive high strength rocks.

Pylon tower
BWSL's largest pylon towers are 128 m (420 ft) high.

The largest pylons for the bridge consist of diamond shaped 128 metres (420 ft) high concrete tower featuring flaring lower legs, converging upper legs, a unified tower head housing the stays and a continuously varying cross section along the height of tower.

The bridge's pylon towers gradually decrease in cross-section with height. They have horizontal grooves every 3m in height, which permitted inserts. Vertical grooves in the circular sections require special form liners, as well as require attention for de-shuttering. The tower legs are inclined in two directions, which presented challenges in alignment and climbing of soldiers. Construction joints were permitted at 3m intervals only.

To build the pylons, Doka of Austria was commissioned to build a custom automatic climbing shutter formwork system, based on their SKE-100 automatic climbing shutter system. This was fabricated on site and employed to execute all tower leg lifts below deck level.

Pre-cast yard

The pre-cast yard was located on reclaimed land. The yard catered to casting, storing and handling of 2342 concrete-steel pre-cast segments for the project. The storage capacity requirement of the yard was about 470 precast segments. As the area available was limited, the segments were stored in stacks of up to three layers.

Structure

BWSL consists of twin continuous concrete box girder bridge sections for traffic in each direction. Each bridge section, except at the cable-stayed portion, is supported on piers typically spaced 50 metres (160 ft) apart. Each section is designed to support four lanes of traffic with break-down lanes and concrete barriers. Sections also provide for service side-walks on one side. The bridge alignment is defined with vertical and horizontal curves.

The bridge consists of three distinct parts: the north end viaduct, the central cable-stayed spans and the south end viaduct. Both the viaducts used precast segmental construction. The cable-stayed bridge on the Bandra channel has a 50m-250m-250m-50m span arrangement and on the Worli channel it has a 50m-50m-150m-50m-50m span arrangement.

Northern & Southern viaducts

The viaducts on either side of the central cable-stayed spans are arranged in 300-metre (980 ft) units consisting of six continuous spans of 50 metres (160 ft) each. Expansion joints are provided at each end of the units. The superstructure and substructure are designed in accordance with IRC codes. Specifications conform to the IRC standard with supplementary specifications covering special items. The foundation consists of 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) diameter drilled piles (four for each pier) with pile caps. Bridge bearings are of disc type. The modular expansion joints for the bridge were provided by Swiss Civil Engineering firm mageba.[17]

The viaducts were built utilising pre-cast, post-tensioned, segmental concrete-steel box girder sections. An overhead gantry crane with self-launching capability was custom built on the site to lay the superstructure of the precast segments. The Pre-Cast segments are joined together using high strength epoxy glue with nominal pre-stressing initially. The end segments adjacent to the pier are short segments "cast-in-situ joints". Geometrical adjustments of the span are made before primary continuous tendons are stressed.

Segment types are further defined by the changes in the web thickness and type of diaphragms cast in cell. The segment weights vary from 110 to 140 tonnes (110 to 140 long tons; 120 to 150 short tons) per segment. The segment length varies from 3,000 to 3,200 mm (9.8 to 10.5 ft). Deck post tensioning is performed at the completion of the erection of each 50-metre (160 ft) bridge span.

Cable-stayed spans
Main cable-stayed span

The cable-stayed portion of the Bandra channel is 600 metres (2,000 ft) in length between expansion joints and consists of two 250-metre cable supported main spans flanked by 50 metres conventional approach spans. A centre tower, with an overall height of 128 metres above pile cap level, supports the superstructure by means of four planes of cable stay in a semi-harp arrangement. Cable spacing is 6.0 metres along the bridge deck.

The cable-stayed portion of the Worli channel is 250 metres (820 ft) in length between expansion joints and consists of one 150 metres cable supported main span flanked on each side by two 50 metres conventional approach spans. A centre tower, with an overall height of 55 metres, supports the superstructure above the pile cap level by means of four planes of cable stay in a semi-harp arrangement. Cable spacing here is also 6.0 metres along the bridge deck.

The superstructure comprises twin precast concrete box girders with a fish belly cross sectional shape, identical to the approaches. A typical Pre-Cast segment length is 3.0 metres with the heaviest superstructure segment approaching 140 tonnes. Balanced cantilever construction is used for erecting the cable supported superstructure as compared to span-by-span construction for the approaches. For every second segment, cable anchorages are provided.

A total of 264 cable stays are used at Bandra channel with cable lengths varying from approximately 85 metres to nearly 250 metres. The tower is cast in-situ reinforced concrete using the climbing form method of construction. The overall tower configuration is an inverted "Y" shape with the inclined legs oriented along the axis of the bridge. Tower cable anchorage recesses are achieved by use of formed pockets and transverse and longitudinal bar post-tensioning is provided in the tower head to resist local cable forces.

A total of 160 cable stays are used at Worli channel with cable lengths varying from approximately 30 metres minimum to nearly 80 metres maximum. Like the Bandra channel, the tower here is also cast in-situ reinforced concrete using the climbing form method of construction but the overall tower configuration is "I" shape with the inclined legs. Similarly, tower cable anchorage recesses are achieved by use of formed pockets.

The foundations for the main tower comprise 2-metre-drilled shafts of 25-metre length each. Cofferdam and tremie seal construction have been used to construct the six-metre deep foundation in the dry.

Bridge management
Toll gates of Bandra-Worli sea link

Toll collection

The Bandra end of the toll plaza has 16 approach lanes. The toll plaza is equipped with an electronic toll collection system.

At both ends, the toll collection options include:

  • Automatic electronic payment system through On-board Units mounted on vehicles for frequent-commuters that enable vehicles to pass without stopping[18]
  • Semi-automatic cash-less electronic payment via a smart card in unattended lanes
  • Manual toll collection for payment by cash, to a toll attendant
VehicleToll (Applicable: 01/April/2015)[8]
Single JourneyReturn JourneyDay Pass
Car₹70 (98¢ US)₹105 (US$1.50)₹150 (US$2.10)
Tempo/LCV₹110 (US$1.50)₹140 (US$2.00)₹235 (US$3.30)
Truck/Bus₹145 (US$2.00)₹185 (US$2.60)₹310 (US$4.30)

Power supply & lighting
The Bandra Worli Sea link main cable span is lit up at night.
An illuminated Bandra-Worli Sea Link Worli Skyline.

The bridge has a reliable and redundant power supply, backed up by diesel generators and auto mains failure panels for critical loads, such as monitoring, surveillance, emergency equipment and communication services including aviation and obstruction indicators. BWSL exclusively uses energy saving illumination systems.

Surveillance and Security

An intelligent bridge management system (IBS) provides traffic information, surveillance, monitoring and control systems. It comprises CCTVs, automatic traffic counters and vehicle classification system, variable message signs, remote weather information system and emergency telephones. The control centre is located near the toll plaza along with the electronic tolling controls. The control system uses fibre-optic cables running the entire span of the BWSL. Toll and advanced traffic management systems were installed.

For traffic enforcement, the bridge includes facilities for vehicles to pull over when stopped by enforcement officers or in the event of a breakdown. The bridge uses mobile explosive scanners[19] for vehicles travelling on the sea link.[20][21] Scans take less than 20 seconds for each vehicle with sensors above and below the vehicles. Over 180 cars can be scanned per hour by each scanner.

The pillars and the towers supporting the bridge are protected by buoys designed to withstand explosions and collisions. These inflated buoys surround each pillar of the sea link to avoid any damage.[22]

The BWSL is insured by New India Assurance.[23]

The bridge tower and the control centres feature lightning protection, designed to protect the bridge monitoring, communication and power equipment from possible surges.

Accessibility

The BWSL is not accessible to pedestrians, and was not designed for them, according to the MSRDC's Satish Gavai.[24] Two-wheeled cycles and three-wheeled vehicles are prohibited as well.[25][26][27]

Panorama Shot of the Bandra Worli Sea Link (Mumbai)

Criticisms

The Economic Times criticized the delays and shoddy construction of Bandra–Worli Sea Link. First, the cost was not the projected 13 billion but actually cost 16 billion or about 23% cost overrun. Second, the project was 5 years behind schedule.[28]

The Financial express has reported that even eight years after it was thrown open, the daily average traffic on the Bandra Worli Sea Link — is smaller than a third of the original estimate. In fact, the increase in revenues over the years — Rs 66.62 crore in 2010-11 to Rs 70.28 crore in 2011-12 and to Rs 71.04 crore 2012-13 — has been fairly small.[29] Latest statistics show the daily traffic count on the six-kilometre, predominantly cable-stayed bridge has dropped by over 11% in the past year, from 45,952 vehicles in 2011-12 to 40,808 in 2012–13. Over four years from 2009 to 2013, the daily vehicle count has dropped by over 16%. High toll is considered a major contributing factor to people finding the bridge, a less attractive commuting option. Also blamed are congestion towards Pedder Road for south-bound traffic and new flyovers that move north–south traffic on the eastern flank of the city, especially the 2.6-km Lalbaug flyover.[30]

There was also criticism directed at the crumbling road surface on the bridge soon after completion.[31]

gollark: I don't want to *have* to arbitrarily trust people. This is why I do things like "TLS" and "not giving everyone my SSH keys".
gollark: ????
gollark: It would be possible, although stupid, to make a cryptocurrency where new blocks can only be issued by GTech™ bee cuboids using a private signing key, although this may break some of the security incentives.
gollark: This is just a feature of proof of work, not all cryptocurrency. Not that there are good alternatives right now.
gollark: Well, Nim is basically compiled statically typed compile-time-instead-of-runtime-metaprogramming-capable somewhat immature mildly more expression-oriented Python.

See also

References
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  2. "Sonia opens Bandra-Worli sea-link, to be named after Rajiv". ZeeNews.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  3. "Bandra-Worli sealink opens midnight". The Times of India. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  4. "Bandra Worl Scribd". Scribd.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  5. "Khul ja sim sim". Mumbai Mirror. 1 July 2009. Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  6. "Bandra Worli Sealink Bridge" (in German). En.structurae.de. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  7. "Finally, a date set for opening of Bandra-Worli sea link". The Indian Express. 11 June 2009. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
  8. Mid-Day Mumbai (31 March 2015). "Mumbai: Bandra-Worli Sea Link toll to increase from tomorrow". Mid-Day Mumbai. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015.
  9. "Refer to Package IV – Project Status". Bandraworlisealink.com. 1 July 2009. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  10. "Bandra-Worli sea link extended up to Haji Ali". Business Standard. 16 May 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  11. Chittaranjan Tembhekar (2 October 2009). "Sea link finances cause concern – Mumbai – City – The Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  12. luckystreak03 (11 March 2007), Bandra Worli Sea Link, archived from the original on 11 April 2016, retrieved 20 March 2018
  13. "Looking back: Frustration and elation of building the Bandra Worli Sea Link – Slide 5". DNA India. 30 June 2011. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  14. "Looking back: Frustration and elation of building the Bandra Worli Sea Link – Slide 4". DNA India. 30 June 2011. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  15. Mumbai Mirror: Wednesday, 1 July 2009, page 4.
  16. Eastern freeway to have seismic arresters - Mumbai - DNA Archived 13 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Dnaindia.com. Retrieved on 6 December 2013.
  18. Chittaranjan Tembhekar (2 August 2012). "Sea link test drive successful, e-toll starts today". The Times of India.
  19. "Mumbai police commissioner asks MSRDC to ensure security of Bandra-Worli sealink". Mynews.in. 22 September 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  20. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. Source: DNAIndia. "Bandra-Worli Sea Link will get hi-tech security". News.indiainfo.com. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  22. "DNA: Mumbai – Hi-tech scanners on Bandra-Worli Sea Link by year-end". Daily News and Analysis. 28 July 2010. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  23. "Monorail gets Rs 1,200 cr cover". The Indian Express. 7 February 2014. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  24. "Let us walk on the sea link… how dare they let us?". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  25. "Rajiv Gandhi setu (Bandra-Worli sea link) & Bandra Fort | My India". www.mapsofindia.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  26. "BJP demands Bandra-Worli Sea Link accessible to pedestrians | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. 14 July 2009. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  27. "BJP demands Bandra-Worli Sea Link accessible to pedestrians". 14 July 2009. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. "Features". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 12 October 2010.
  29. "Bandra-Worli Sea Link not as popular as predicted". The Financial Express. 13 March 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  30. "On Bandra-Worli sea link, traffic down 16% in 4 years - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  31. NewsX (28 July 2009), NewsX Video: Potholes in Bandra-Worli sea link, archived from the original on 28 March 2018, retrieved 20 March 2018
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