Afghan Hound

The Afghan Hound is a hound that is distinguished by its thick, fine, silky coat and its tail with a ring curl at the end. The breed is selectively bred for its unique features in the cold mountains of Afghanistan. Its local name is Tāžī Spay (Pashto: تاژي سپی‎) or Sag-e Tāzī (Dari Persian: سگ تازی). Other names for this breed areTāzī, Balkh Hound, Baluchi Hound, Barakzai Hound, Shalgar Hound, Kabul Hound, Galanday Hound or sometimes incorrectly African Hound. They have the ability to run and turn well. They are also 64 to 69 centimeters tall and weigh 23 to 27 kilograms.

Afghan Hound
Afghan Hound, fully coated
Other namesDa Kochyano Spay, Sage Balochi, Ogar Afgan, Barakzai Hound, Eastern Greyhound/Persian Greyhound
OriginAfghanistan
Traits
Weight Male 20–27 kg (44–60 lb)
Height Male 61–73 cm (24–29 in)
Coat Long and fine
Colour Fawn, Gold, Brindle, White, Red, Cream, Blue, Gray and Tricolour
Litter size 6–8 puppies
Life span 11–13 years
Kennel club standards
FCI standard
Dog (domestic dog)

History
Young dog. Many individuals have a black facial mask.
The coat may be any colour. Light cream coated Afghan Hound
Afghan Hound in the ring

The Afghan Hound has been identified as a basal breed that predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th century. It is most closely related to the Saluki.[1]

Today's modern purebred Afghan Hound descends from dogs brought to Great Britain in the 1920s which King Amanullah of the Afghan Royal Family gave away as gifts.[2] Some had been kept as hunting dogs, others as guardians.[3]

Verifiable written or visual records that tie today's Afghan Hound breed to specific Afghan owners or places are absent. There is much speculation about the breed's origin and possible connections with the ancient world among fanciers and in non-scientific breed books and breed websites. Connections with other types and breeds from the same area may provide clues to the history. A name for a desert coursing Afghan hound, Tazi (sag-e-tazi), suggests a shared ancestry with the very similar Tasy breed from the Caspian Sea area of Russia and Turkmenistan. Other types or breeds of similar appearance are the Taigan from the mountainous Tian Shan region on the Chinese border of Afghanistan, and the Barakzay, or Kurram Valley Hound.

There are at least 13 types known in Afghanistan,[4] and some are being developed (through breeding and record keeping) into modern purebred breeds.[5] As the lives of the peoples with whom these dogs developed change in the modern world, often these landrace types of dogs lose their use and disappear; there may have been many more types of longhaired sighthound in the past.

Once out of Afghanistan, the history of the Afghan Hound breed became entwined with that of the very earliest dog shows and the Kennel Club (UK). Various sighthounds were brought to England in the 1800s by army officers returning from British India (which at the time included), Afghanistan, and Persia, and were exhibited at dog shows, which were then just becoming popular, under various names, such as Barukzy hounds.[4] They were also called "Persian Greyhounds" by the English, in reference to their own indigenous sighthound.

One dog in particular, Zardin, was brought in 1907 from India by Captain Bariff,[6] and became the early ideal of breed type for what was still called the Persian Greyhound. Zardin was the basis of the writing of the first breed standard in 1912, but breeding of the dogs was stopped by World War I.[4]

Out of the longhaired sighthound types known in Afghanistan, two main strains make up the modern Afghan Hound breed. The first were a group of hounds brought to Scotland from Balochistan by Major and Mrs. G. Bell-Murray and Miss Jean C. Manson in 1920, and are called the Bell-Murray strain.[7]

These dogs were of the lowland or steppe type, and are less heavily coated. The second strain was a group of dogs from a kennel in Kabul owned by Mrs. Mary Amps, which she shipped to England in 1925. She and her husband came to Kabul after the Afghan war in 1919, and the foundation sire of her kennel (named Ghazni) in Kabul was a dog that closely resembled Zardin. Her Ghazni strain were the more heavily coated mountain type. Most of the Afghans in the United States were developed from the Ghazni strain from England. The first Afghans in Australia were imported from the United States in 1934, also of the Ghazni strain.[8] The French breed club was formed in 1939 (FALAPA). The mountain and steppe strains became mixed into the modern Afghan Hound breed, and a new standard was written in 1948, which is still used today.

The Afghan Hound can also come with a much more "patterned" coat. This descends from the Bell-Murray's and the Ghazni lines, and is displayed in much lighter feathering of coat, deeper saddle (often actually looking like a saddle) and much shorter hair on the face and neck. It is believed that these particular afghan hounds were a product of much hotter parts of the country.[9]

The spectacular beauty of Afghan Hound dogs caused them to become highly desirable show dogs and pets, and they are recognised by all of the major kennel clubs in the English-speaking world. One of the Amps Ghazni, Sirdar, won BIS at Crufts in 1928 and 1930. An Afghan hound was featured on the cover of Life Magazine, November 26, 1945. Afghan Hounds were the most popular in Australia in the 1970s...and won most of the major shows.[8] An Afghan Hound won BIS (Best in Show) at the 1996 World Dog Show in Budapest.[10] Afghan hounds were BIS at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1957 and again in 1983.[11] That win also marked the most recent win at Westminster for breeder-owner-handler, Chris Terrell.[12]

The Afghan Hound breed is no longer used for hunting, although it can be seen in the sport of lure coursing.[13]

Description
This Afghan hound is black and brindle; however, the photo shows it with a reddish tinge to the coat, which can occur in a black-coated dog.

The Afghan Hound is tall, standing in height 61–74 cm (24–29 in) and weighing 20–27 kg (44–60 lb). The coat may be any colour, but white markings, particularly on the head, are discouraged; many individuals have a black facial mask. A specimen may have facial hair that looks like a Fu Manchu mustache. The mustache is called "mandarins." Some Afghan Hounds are almost white, but parti-color hounds (white with islands of red or black) are penalized in the AKC standard, but not by the FCI. The long, fine-textured coat requires considerable care and grooming. The long topknot and the shorter-haired saddle on the back of the dog are distinctive features of the Afghan Hound coat. The high hipbones and unique small ring on the end of the tail are also characteristics of the breed.

The temperament of the typical Afghan Hound can be aloof and dignified, but happy and clownish when it's playing. This breed, as is the case with many sighthounds, has a high prey drive and may not get along with small animals. The Afghan Hound can be a successful competitor in dog agility trials as well as an intuitive therapy dog and companion. Genomic studies have pointed to the Afghan Hound as one of the oldest of dog breeds.[14]

The breed has a reputation among dog trainers of having a relatively slow "obedience intelligence;" Stanley Coren, in his book The Intelligence of Dogs, ranked the breed last among 138 breeds mentioned in ability to understand and obey commands, requiring more than 80 repetitions to understand a new command and obeying on the first command less than 25% of the time. Coren noted that Afghan Hounds were consistently ranked among the least obedient dog breeds among all of the trainers he consulted, with a majority (121 out of 199) ranking the Afghan Hound in the lowest ten breeds out of 133 listed.[15]

Although seldom used today for hunting in Europe and America where they are popular, Afghan hounds are frequent participants in lure coursing events and are also popular in the sport of conformation showing.

Variants
Afghan Hound dark coat

The Khalag Tazi is a variety of the Afghan. It was introduced to Europe in 1920 when an Indian Army officer, Major G Bell-Murray, brought some animals back from Afghanistan.[16] Tazi is a current and ancient name for hunting dogs of the sighthound type in the Middle East. It has been used to denote the Saluki, Afghan, Taigan, Persian Greyhound, greyhound types of hound.

Bakhmull
Champion of Russia (5 times), Champion of Breed, 2 field diplomas II, III degree on wild hare. Champion among all other bakhmull Champions. Owner Nataliya Gherasiova

Bakhmull (also Bakhmull Tazi or Tazi Bakhmull, also called Aboriginal Afghan Hound) is a long-haired variety of sighthound. It has been bred mostly in Russia and claimed to represent an Afghan Hound aboriginal to Afghanistan. In Pashto the word bakhmull means 'velvet', applied in reference to the dog's silky coat, which is rather abundant and long on the whole body, except the "saddle" (middle to lower back), front parts of all four legs, and the muzzle. Its color is always fawn, ivory, or white, with a darker "saddle", thus it produces an impression of a (yellowish) dog whose coat color matches the khaki sandstone and limestone of the Hindu Kush mountain landscape and deserts. The following colors are not permissible: red, red with white spots, black, and black with white spots. Since the 1980s, the centre of Bakhmull breeding is Russia, beginning in Moscow, then spreading to various other places in the CIS. The foundation stock was brought to Russia in the 1970s by military men returning from Afghanistan. Natalia Gherasiova (a breeder, of the Blue Dale el Bark Bakhmull kennel, and dog show judge) established the National Bakhmull Club,[17] affiliated with the Russian Federation for Hunting Dogs (RFOS) and Russian Kynological Federation (RKF). A breed standard was first published in 1985, and a shared RFOS–RKF revision was produced in 1997.[18]

The Bakhmull is expected to be graceful powerful, with a balanced and symmetrical appearance, and to exhibit predictable and comparatively intelligent behavior, including both calm and gregariousness around people (unless trained as a guard dog), and aggressive hunting in the field.[19] Bakhmulls hunt solo and in couples. Although its coat is long, it does not require much grooming. Paws are well protected from injuries by "feathering" (thick additional paw fur). Its long, velvety coat and its stamina makes more suitable than many breeds for harsh weather. The breed standard calls, rather subjectively, for "aristocratic gait and a beautiful head with gazelle-like ... eyes". The eyes should be large, brown, slanting upwards, and of almond shape, with rims outlined black. Black coloration is a rigid must on the nose and lips for both white and fawn bakhmulls. Height: 68–73 cm (27–28.5 in.), bitches 65–70 cm (25.5–27.5 in.). The height at the withers is 3–4 cm higher than at the croup. A Bakhmull's gait should be easy and springy. Prescribed hunting behavior: Searching for prey, a Bakhmull walks or jog-trots. After seeing the game, it immediately starts galloping fast with a whole-body run (a full stretch, contracting to a ball and again to a full stretch like a string with a flexure on the waist). Bakhmull runs like a cheetah, but covering long distances, and showing jumping power, speed, and manoeuvring skill.

Lifespan

Bakhmull has an average lifespan of 13–18 years male, 14–19 female.

The Saluki is a breed of the Middle East with ancient origins (though its establishment as a standardised breed was primarily carried out in the United Kingdom and Germany) and is the most closely related to the Afghan Hound[1] out of modern and internationally accepted breeds. The Sloughi, with a name of the same derivation, is primarily of North African stock and is a separate breed.

Health

Lifespan

Afghan Hounds in UK surveys had an average lifespan of about 12 years.[20] which is similar to other breeds of their size. In the 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (31%), old age (20%), cardiac (10.5%), and urologic (5%). Those that die of old age had a median lifespan of 12 years, with 12% living to at least 14.[21]

Health concerns

Major health issues are allergies, cancer, and hip dysplasia (hip dysplasia isn't typical of bakhmulls). Sensitivity to anesthesia is an issue the Afghan hound shares with the rest of the sighthound group, as sighthounds have relatively low levels of body fat. Afghan hounds are also among the dog breeds most likely to develop chylothorax, a rare condition which causes the thoracic ducts to leak, allowing large quantities of chyle fluid to enter the dog's chest cavity.[22][23] This condition commonly results in a lung-lobe torsion (in which the dog's lung twists within the chest cavity, requiring emergency surgery), due to the breed's typically deep, "barrel"-shaped chest. If not corrected through surgery, chylothorax can ultimately cause fibrosing pleuritis, or a hardening of the organs, due to scar tissue forming around the organs to protect them from the chyle fluid. Chylothorax is not necessarily, but often, fatal.[24]

Among other health problems are laryngeal paralysis, dilated cardiomyopathy (twice as common in males as females), and dermatological issues such as testosterone-responsive dermatosis of male dogs (often seen in castrated males), nasal depigmentation (also known as Dudley nose), and skin tumours. Also, Afghans are prone to Central diabetes insipidus (CDI), hypothyroidism and tricholemmoma, a rare condition which mainly affects older dogs in the Middle Ages.[25] Ocular conditions that can occur include medial canthal pocket syndrome (breed predisposition due to shape of head), corneal dystrophy, cataract and generalized progressive retinal atrophy (GPRA). Afghan myelopathy (causing pelvic limb ataxia) is sometimes reported.[25]

Because of its distinctive appearance, the Afghan hound has been represented in animated feature films and TV shows, including Universal Pictures' Balto (Sylvie) and Disney's Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure (Ruby), an Afghan hound also appeared on 101 Dalmatians as well as in 102 Dalmatians as one of the dogs in Cruella de Vil's party and the television series What-a-Mess (Prince Amir of Kinjan; based on children's books by Frank Muir) and, as Prissy in the 1961 Disney animated film One Hundred and One Dalmatians and 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure. Brainy Barker from Krypto the Superdog claims to be an Afghan Hound in the episode "Meet the Dog Stars", although her design actually resembles that of a Saluki instead of an Afghan Hound. Malory Archer in the show Archer had an Afghan hound named Duchess at some point during the childhood of her son, Sterling Archer. The dog is a point of contention between the two, due to Malory's apparent preference for it over her son. In the show Road Rovers, Persia, who is the leader of the Space Rovers, is an Afghan Hound. Burt, an Afghan Hound in the show Foofur antagonizes Foofur to win Dolly's love.

Afghan hounds have also been featured in television advertisements and in fashion magazines.[26] The Afghan hound is represented in books as well, including being featured in a series of mystery novels by Nina Wright (Abra), and a talking Afghan Hound in David Rothman's The Solomon Scandals (2008, Twilight Times Books). In the novel Between the Acts, Virginia Woolf uses an Afghan hound (named Sohrab) to represent aspects of one of the book's human characters.[27]

On August 3, 2005, Korean scientist Hwang Woo-Suk announced that his team of researchers had become the first team to successfully clone a dog, an Afghan Hound named Snuppy. In 2006 Hwang Woo-Suk was dismissed from his university position for fabricating data in his research. Snuppy, nonetheless, was a genuine clone, and thus the first cloned dog in history.[28]

The Afghan Hound features prominently in the avant-garde music video of popular French band M83's, "Set in Stone (M83 Remix)".[29]

gollark: How do you define identity, then, sound? What counts as "me"?
gollark: I can't convince you to a different ethical system from within the framework of your current one, so OH WELL.
gollark: Exactly.
gollark: ...
gollark: > In physics, the no-cloning theorem states that it is impossible to create an identical copy of an arbitrary unknown quantum state.I have no idea how this is relevant to anything I have said.

References
  1. Parker, Heidi G.; et al. (2004). "Genetic structure of the purebred domestic dog". Science. 304 (5674): 1160–1164, p. 1161 and fig. 2. doi:10.1126/science.1097406. PMID 15155949.
  2. "Afghan Hound: A History". Afghan Network. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
  3. Afghan Hounds; Pisano, Beverly; TFH Publications; June 1988; p. 12; ISBN 0-87666-682-9 and ISBN 978-0-87666-682-1.
  4. "Historie afgánského chrta" [History of the Afghan Hound] (in Czech). Retrieved April 5, 2011.
  5. "List of Rare Sighthounds". May 18, 2000. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
  6. "Afghan Hound Art and Antics". Afghan Hound Times.
  7. https://www.ahaonline.co.uk/history.html
  8. Haymann, Franck (5 May 2006). "Afghan Hound, From The Streets Of Kabul To The Main Rings Of The World". Chien. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008.
  9. Niblock, Margaret (1980). The Afghan hound : a definitive study. Arco Pub. ISBN 0668049340.
  10. "Facts About Afghan Hounds". Doglime. March 5, 2019.
  11. "Best In Show Winners". The Westminster Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 2007-12-25. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
  12. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/feb/17/cj-best-in-show-at-westminster-and-a-dream-four-decades-in-the-making
  13. "Afghan Hound Lure Coursing". Archived from the original on 2008-11-12. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
  14. Savolainen, P.; et al. (2002). "Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogs". Science. 298 (5598): 1610–1613. doi:10.1126/science.1073906. PMID 12446907.
  15. Stanley Coren (July 15, 2009). "Canine Intelligence—Breed Does Matter". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
  16. "Afghan Controversy: What is the correct type?"; Afghan Hound Times Archived July 26, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  17. "Бакхмуль - Афганская Аборигенная Борзая". Bakhmull.com (in Russian). Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  18. "Бакхмуль - Афганская Аборигенная Борзая". Russian Federation for Hunting Dogs / Russian Kynological Federation – via Bakhmull.com.
  19. "Bakhmull - Video Learning - WizScience.com". YouTube. 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
  20. "How Long Will Your Dog Live".
  21. Evans, Katy M.; Adams, Vicki J.; Sampson, Jeff (August 2008). "Extended results of the Purebred Dog Health Survey for Afghan Hounds" (PDF). The Kennel Club and the Animal Health Trust. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2015.
  22. Fossum, T.W.; Birchard, S.J.; Jacobs, R.M. (1986). "Chylothorax in 34 dogs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 188 (11): 1315–1318. PMID 3721989.
  23. "Afghan Hound". Aubrey Animal Medical Center. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016.
  24. Laudermilch, Eileen (1996). ""Chylo….What?" Chylothorax in the Afghan Hound". Afghan Hound Review. No. Sept/Oct.
  25. Gough, Thomas (2008). Breed predispositions to disease in dogs and cats. Oxford, UK: Wiley. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9780470690802. OCLC 232611746.
  26. "Afghan Hound Actors for Film, Television, Print and Stage". Afghan Hound Actors. 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
  27. The Philosophy of Virginia Woolf: A Philosophical Reading of the Mature Novels By A. O. Frank Published by Akademiai Kiado, 2001 ISBN 963-05-7850-6, 978-963-05-7850-9 165 pages, pg. 151
  28. Palca, Joe (August 3, 2005). "Meet Snuppy, the World's First Cloned Dog". NPR. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
  29. Lessner, Matthew (2010). "Fires of Rome - Set In Stone (M83 Remix)". Run Productions. Retrieved July 27, 2012.

Further reading
  • Afghan Hounds (The World of Dogs) Race L., publisher Kingdom Books, PO Box 15, Waterlooville PO7 6BQ, 1999, England, 240 pages, ch 4, pages 81–83, contributed by Natalia Ghersiova, Russia.
  • Encyclopedia "Russian Hunting". Scientific edition, publisher "Big Russian Encyclopedia", 1998, pp. 11–12, 187–188
  • Indigenous Lop Eared SightHounds From Central Africa To China By Dr. Dominique de Caprona (C) de Caprona 2011
  • The reviving and breeding of the ancient Bakhmuul breed from Afghanistan in Russia was appreciated in the US and several respective articles were published in the world known The Afghan Hound Review International Issue November–December 1992 p. 128
  • "Two Afghan Hound Breeds In Russia!" The Afghan Hound Review July–August 1995 pp. 102, 104 "The Russian Scene" and in The Afghan Hound Review May–June 2002 pp. 22, 24, 26, 28 "Aboriginal Afghan Hounds".
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