Bárðarbunga

Bárðarbunga (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈpaurðarpuŋka] (listen)),[1] is a stratovolcano located under Vatnajökull in Vatnajökull National Park is Iceland's most extensive glacier. The second highest mountain in Iceland, 2,009 metres (6,591 ft) above sea level, Bárðarbunga is also part of a volcanic system that is approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) long and 25 kilometres (16 mi) wide.

Bárðarbunga
Eruption at Holuhraun, September 4, 2014
Highest point
Elevation2,009 m (6,591 ft)
Prominence550 m (1,800 ft)
Coordinates64°38′28″N 17°31′41″W 
Geography
Bárðarbunga
Map of Iceland showing the location of Bárðarbunga.
LocationVatnajökull, Iceland
Geology
Age of rockover 10000 years
Mountain typeSubglacial volcano/Icelandic stratovolcano
Last eruption29 August 2014 to 27 February 2015

Description

Bárðarbunga is a subglacial stratovolcano[2] located under the ice cap of Vatnajökull glacier within the Vatnajökull National Park in Iceland. It rises to 2,009 metres (6,591 ft) above sea level, making it the second highest mountain in Iceland, about 101 metres (331 ft) lower than Hvannadalshnjúkur. The caldera is about 80 square kilometres, up to 10 km wide and about 700 metres (2,300 ft) deep.[2] The surrounding edges rise up to 1,850 metres but the base is on average close to 1,100 metres. The volcano is covered in ice to a depth of 850m, hiding the glacier-filled crater. The associated volcanic system and fissure swarm is about 190 km long and 25 km wide.[3]

Bárðarbunga was a little-known volcano in Iceland due to its remote location and infrequent eruptions approximately once every 50 years, but recent studies have shown that many tephra layers originally thought to be from other volcanoes were ejected from Bárðarbunga.

Sustained seismic activity has been gradually increasing in Bárðarbunga and its associated northern fissure system for a seven years' period, starting in 2007 and leading to an eruption only towards the end of 2014. This activity decreased after the Grímsvötn eruption in 2011, but later returned to a similar level as before the eruption. The prior eruption was in 1910. There has been frequent volcanic activity outside the glacier to the southwest in the highlands between Vatnajökull and Mýrdalsjökull, and also to the northeast toward Dyngjufjöll.

Etymology

Bárðarbunga is named after an early Icelandic settler named Gnúpa-Bárður, and literally translates as "Bárður's bulge" or "Bárður's bump" since "Bárðar" is the genitive case of "Bárður".[4]

Eruptions and notable activity

Throughout history there have been large eruptions every 250–600 years. In 1477, the largest known eruption from Bárðarbunga had a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 6; there is evidence of many smaller eruptions during the past 10,000 years.[2]

6600 BC

Þjórsá Lava, the largest holocene lava flow on earth,[2] originated from Bárðarbunga about 8,500 years ago, with a total volume of 21[2] to 30 cubic kilometres and covering approximately 950 square kilometres.[5]

870

Many large eruptions have occurred south-west of the glacier, the first since human settlement of Iceland was the Vatnaöldur eruption about 870 which had a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 4.[2]

1477

The Veiðivötn eruption in 1477 is the largest known Icelandic eruption, with a VEI of 6.[2]

1701–1864

Studies of tephra layers have shown that a number of eruptions have occurred beneath the glacier, probably in the north-east of the crater or in Bárðarbunga. There have also been smaller eruptions in an ice-free area of Dyngjuháls to the north-east. Eruptions appear to follow a cycle: there were several eruptions in the glacier between 1701 and 1740 and since 1780.

1910 eruption

1910 was the last known eruption of Bárðarbunga before the 2014 eruptions.[6]

1996

The Gjálp fissure vent eruption in 1996 revealed that an interaction may exist between Bárðarbunga and Grímsvötn. A strong earthquake in Bárðarbunga, about 5 on the Richter scale, is believed to have started the eruption in Gjálp.

2010

On 26 September 2010, an earthquake swarm was recorded with over 30 earthquakes measuring up to 3.7MW on the moment magnitude scale.

2014–2015
Main article: 2014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga

In August 2014, a swarm of around 1,600 earthquakes in 48-hours, with magnitudes up to 4.5MW, [7][8] was followed on 23 August by the USGS Aviation Color Codes being raised from orange to red, indicating an eruption in progress.[9] The following day, the aviation risk was lowered from red to orange and the statement that there was an eruption in progress was retracted.[10] However, later aerial observations of glacial depressions southeast of the volcano suggested that the now-retracted report of an eruption had been correct and that a short eruption did occur under the ice, but the lack of further melting indicated that this eruption had now ceased. Then, a new fissure eruption breached the surface between Bárðarbunga and Askja, in the Holuhraun lava field, in the early hours of 29 August.[11] This was followed by a second fissure eruption in the Holuhraun area, along the same volcanic fissure, which started shortly after 4 am on 31 August.[12]

The eruption emitted large volumes of sulphur dioxide and impacted air quality in Iceland. There was no effect on flights outside of the immediate vicinity as the eruption hadn't produced a significant amount of volcanic ash.

On February 28, 2015 it was officially reported that the eruption was over.[13] Nevertheless, the gas pollution still existed, and the area north of Bárðarbunga, including volcanoes Askja and Herðubreið, still remained closed for visitors.

On March 16, 2015 the area north of Bárðarbunga was opened for visitors, excluding the new lava field and the area within 20 meters around it.[14]

1950 aircraft emergency landing
See also: Icelandic Airlines § Accidents and incidents

On 14 September 1950 a Douglas C-54 Skymaster aircraft belonging to the Icelandic airline Loftleiðir made an emergency landing on the Vatnajökull glacier at Bárðarbunga during a cargo flight from Luxembourg to Reykjavík.[15] There were no fatalities, but damaged radio equipment left them unable to communicate their location. After two days the crew started the emergency SOS signal beacon in the rubber life-raft and a Loftleiðir Catalina aircraft spotted them. The C-54's cargo included the body of a deceased United States Air Force (USAF) colonel, prompting American assistance. A USAF C-47 equipped with skis landed on the glacier but was unable to take off again, so it had to be abandoned. After six days both crews were rescued by a ski-patrol from Akureyri. Later Loftleiðir bought the stranded C-47 from the USAF for $700.[16] In April 1951 it was dug out of the snow and towed down the mountain by two bulldozers, where it was started and flown to Reykjavik.[17][18][19]

gollark: If the phone was on and receiving calls, would it not be interacting with the towers *anyway*?
gollark: Also my old HDD somewhere.
gollark: Can printers ever really be useful though?
gollark: The closest thing would be "dado".
gollark: Routing failure of some kind, which they can't fix remotely because they cannot communicate with the routers, and which also stopped them getting into the buildings.

See also

References
  1. mbl.is (2011-05-22). "How To Pronounce "Bárðarbunga"". YouTube.com. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
  2. "Bárdarbunga". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
  3. http://en.vedur.is/about-imo/news/nr/2968
  4. "Stofnun Árna Magnússonar – í íslenskum fraedum. Bárðarbunga". Archived from the original on 2014-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
  5. Árni Hjartarson 1988: „Þjórsárhraunið mikla – stærsta nútímahraun jarðar“. Náttúrufræðingurinn 58: 1–16.
  6. http://en.vedur.is/media/jar/Bardarbunga_kafli20140825.pdf
  7. Gunnar Dofri Ólafsson, 1.600 earthquakes in 48 hours. mbl.is. 2014-08-19.
  8. "Activity in Bárðarbunga volcano – News". En.vedur.is. Icelandic Meteorological Office. 2014-08-16. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
  9. Icelandic Met Office (2014-08-23). "Bárðarbunga – updated information". Icelandic Meteorological Office. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
  10. BBC (2014-08-24). "Iceland volcano: Aviation risk level from Bardarbunga lowered". BBC. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  11. "Eruption Started Between Barðarbunga and Askja in Iceland". Wired.com. 2014-08-29. Retrieved 2014-08-29.
  12. "Scientists: Bigger Eruption, Moves North. 500 Earthquakes". Icelandreview.com. 2014-08-31. Retrieved 2014-08-31.
  13. 28 February 2015 12:00 – declaration from the Scientific Advisory Board
  14. Reduction of the access controlled area north of Vatnajökull
  15. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19500914-0
  17. 1950 accident at the Aviation Safety Network
  18. Timeline of the search for the Geysir at gopfrettir.net (in Icelandic)
  19. Timarit – Iceland. Lögberg-Heimskringla.
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