Ardabil

Ardabil[2] (pronunciation , Persian: اردبیل‎, Azerbaijani: اردبیل, also romanized as Ardabīl and Ardebīl)[3] is an ancient city in northwestern Iran, and the capital of Ardabil Province. Located in the northeastern part of Iran's historic Azerbaijan region,[4][5] at the 2011 census, Ardabil's population was 564,365, with 156,324 families.[6] The dominant majority in the city are ethnic Iranian Azerbaijanis and the primary language of the people is Azerbaijani.

For the province of Iran, see Ardabil Province. For the county within the province, see Ardabil County.
Ardabil

اردبیل
City
Clockwise from top: Skyline of Ardabil, Shahidgah, Haft Cheshmeh historical bridge, Shorabil Lake, Shah Ismail I Statue, Baliqli River and Sheikh Safi al-din Tomb.
Seal
Nickname(s): 
دارالملک، دارالامان
Ardabil
Coordinates: 38°15′N 48°17′E
Country Iran
Region3
ProvinceArdabil
CountyArdabil
BakhshParliament
Government
Area
 • City18.011 km2 (6.954 sq mi)
Elevation
1,351 m (4,432 ft)
Population
 (2016 census)
 • Density18,857/km2 (48,840/sq mi)
 • Urban
564,374[1]
 • Rank
16th in Iran
Demonym(s)Ardabili
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Postal code
56131-56491
Area code(s)(+98) 45
Websiteardabilcity.ir

Ardabil is known for its trade in silk and carpets. Ardabil rugs are renowned and the ancient Ardabil Carpets are considered among the best of classical Persian carpets. Ardabil is also home to a World Heritage Site, the Ardabil Shrine, the sanctuary and tomb of Shaikh Safî ad-Dîn, eponymous founder of the Safavid dynasty.

The population of Ardabil is about 650,000 and their religion is Shia Islam.[7]

Location

Ardabil is located on the Baliqly Chay River, about 70 km (43 mi) from the Caspian Sea, and 210 km (130 mi) from the city of Tabriz. It has an average altitude of 1,263 metres (4,144 ft) and total area of 18.011 km2 (6.954 sq mi). Neighboring on the Caspian Sea and the Republic of Azerbaijan, it has been of great political and economic significance throughout history, especially within the Caucasus region. It is located on an open plain 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level, just east of Mount Sabalan (4,811 m), where cold spells occur until late spring.

History
Ardabil in 1690
Shah Ismail

The province is believed to be as old as the Achaemenid era (ca. 550–330 BCE). It is mentioned in the Avesta, where prophet Zoroaster was born by the river Aras and wrote his book in the Sabalan Mountains. During the Parthian era, the city had special importance among the cities of Azerbaijan. Some Muslim historians attribute the foundation of Ardabil to the king Peroz I of the Sassanid Empire. The Persian poet Ferdowsi also credits the foundation of the city to Peroz I. Ardabil suffered some damages caused by occasional raids of Huns from the 4th to 6th century CE. Peroz repaired those damages and fortified the city. Peroz made Ardabil the residence of provincial governor (Marzban) of Azarbaijan.

Due to its proximity to the Caucasus, Ardabil was always vulnerable to invasions and attacks by the mountain peoples of the Caucasus as well as by the steppe dwellers of South Russia past the mountains.[4] In 730–731, the Khazars managed to get past the Alan Gates, defeated and killed the Arab governor of Armenia named Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah on the plain outside the town of Ardabil, and subsequently captured the town, as they continued their conquests.[4]

During the Islamic conquest of Iran, Ardabil was the largest city in north-western Iran, ahead of Derbent, and remained so until the Mongol invasion period. Ardabilis fought the Mongols three times; however, the city fell after the third attempt by Mongols, who massacred the Ardabilis. Incursions of Mongols and subsequently the Georgians, who, under Tamar the Great, captured and sacked the city with some 12,000 citizens reputedly killed, devastated the city.[4] The city however recovered and was in a more blossoming state than before, though by this time the principal city in the Azerbaijan region had become Tabriz, and under the later Ilkhanate, it had become Soltaniyeh.[4]

Safavid king Ismail I, born in Ardabil, started his campaign to nationalize Iran's government and land from there, but consequently announced Tabriz as his capital in 1501. Yet Ardabil remained an important city both politically and economically until modern times. During the frequent Ottoman-Persian Wars, being close to the borders, it was often sacked by the Ottomans between 1514 and 1722 as well as in 1915 during World War I when the former invaded neighboring Iran.

In the early Qajar period, crown prince Abbas Mirza, son of then incumbent king (shah) Fath Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797–1834) was the governor of Ardabil.[4] With Ardabil already once being sacked by the Russians during the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813, and this being the era of the Russians steadily advancing into the Iranian possessions in the Caucasus, Abbas Mirza ordered the Napoleonic general Gardane, who served the Qajars at the time, to strengthen and fortify the town with ramparts. During the next and final war, the Russo-Persian War of 1826–28, the ramparts were stormed by the Russian troops, who then temporarily occupied the town.[4] The town's extensive and noted library, known as the library of Safi-ad-din Ardabili, was taken to St. Petersburg by General Ivan Paskevich with the promise that its holdings would be brought to the Russian capital for safekeeping until they could be returned, a promise never fulfilled.[4]

After the Russo-Persian Wars, Iran ceded its territories in the Caucasus to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828). As a result, Ardabil was situated only 40 kilometers from the newly drawn border, becoming even more important economically as a stop on a major caravan route along which European goods entered Iran from Russia.[8] After he visited Ardabil in 1872, German diplomat Max von Thielmann noted, in his book published in 1875, the extensive activity in the town's bazaar, as well as the presence of many foreigners,[8] and estimated its population at 20,000.[8] During the early Iranian Constitutional Revolution, Russia occupied Ardabil together with the rest of Iranian Azerbaijan until the eventual collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917.[4]

Bazaars
Main article: Ardabil Bazaar

In the heart of the city, stands the ancient bazaar, described by historians of the 4th century CE as cruciform, with simply designed domes extending in four directions. Most sections of the bazaar were constructed and renovated during the Safavid and Zand periods.[9]

Produce Bazar, Ardabil and vicinity

Located at the Meshkin Shahr gate is a market where farmers directly sell their produce to the public.

Shrine

One of the main sights in the city of Ardabil in north-west Iran is the shrine of Shaykh Safi al-Din Ardabili, who died in 1334. The Shaykh was a Sufi leader, who trained his followers in Islamic mystic practices. After his death, his followers remained loyal to his family, who became increasingly powerful.

In 1501, one of his descendants, Shah Isma'il, seized political power. He united Iran for the first time in several centuries and established the Shi'i form of Islam as the state religion. Isma'il was the founder of the Safavid dynasty, named after Shaykh Safi al-Din.

The Safavids, who ruled without a break until 1722, and then intermittently until 1757, promoted the shrine of the Shaykh as a place of pilgrimage.

Ardabil carpet
An Ardabil "glim" (Ardabil rug)
Main article: Ardabil Carpet

In the late 1530s, Isma'il's son, Shah Tahmasp, enlarged the shrine, and it was at this time, that the carpet was made as one of a matching pair. The completion of the carpets was marked by a four-line inscription placed at one end. The first two lines are a poetic quotation that refers to the shrine as a place of refuge:

'Except for thy threshold, there is no refuge for me in all the world. Except for this door there is no resting-place for my head.'

The third line is a signature, 'The work of the slave of the portal, Maqsud Kashani.' Maqsud was probably the court official charged with producing the carpets. He was not necessarily a slave in the literal sense but called himself one to express humility, while the word for 'portal' can be used for a royal court or a shrine. Perhaps Maqsud meant both, as in this case the court was the patron of the shrine.

The fourth line contains the date 946 in the Muslim calendar, which is equivalent to 1539–1540 CE.

The Ardabil Carpet and the V&A

The two Ardabil carpets were still in the shrine of Shaykh Safi al-Din in 1843, when one was seen by two British visitors. Thirty years or more later, the shrine suffered an earthquake, and the carpets were sold off, perhaps to raise funds for repairs. The damaged carpets were purchased in Iran by Ziegler & Co., a Manchester firm involved in the carpet trade. Parts of one carpet were used to patch the other. The result was one 'complete' carpet and one with no border.

In 1892, the larger carpet was put on sale by Vincent Robinson & Co. of London. The designer William Morris went to inspect it on behalf of this museum. Reporting that the carpet was 'of singular perfection ... logically and consistently beautiful', he urged the museum to buy it. The money was raised, and in March 1893 the Museum acquired the carpet for £2000.

The second, smaller carpet was sold secretly to an American collector, and in 1953 it was given to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. The Ardabil carpet hung on the wall in this gallery for many years. In 2006, the museum created the case in the centre of the gallery so that the carpet could be seen as intended, on the floor. To preserve its colours, it is lit for ten minutes on the hour and half-hour.[10]

Earthquakes

Ardabil is associated with historical confusion between the 893 Dvin earthquake which was often wrongly documented as the 893 Ardabil earthquake due to the similarity of the Arabic name for city of Dvin in Armenia, 'Dabil' to Ardabil.

On 28 February 1997, a destructive earthquake hit the Ardabil area. At least 965 people were killed, 2,600 injured, 36,000 homeless, 12,000 houses damaged or destroyed and 160,000 livestock were killed. Severe damage was observed to roads, electrical power lines, communications and water distribution systems around Ardabil.[11]

Climate

Cold and continental (Köppen Dsb), many tourists come to the region for its cool climate during the hot summer months. The winters are long and bitterly cold, with record low temperature of −33 °C. The annual rainfall is around 380 mm (15 in).

Climate data for Ardabil
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8)		 20.0
(68.0)		 27.2
(81.0)		 32.0
(89.6)		 33.0
(91.4)		 37.5
(99.5)		 38.0
(100.4)		 39.8
(103.6)		 37.4
(99.3)		 30.8
(87.4)		 25.0
(77.0)		 21.2
(70.2)		 39.8
(103.6)
Average high °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4)		 4.5
(40.1)		 9.3
(48.7)		 16.7
(62.1)		 19.7
(67.5)		 23.2
(73.8)		 25.0
(77.0)		 24.7
(76.5)		 22.6
(72.7)		 17.5
(63.5)		 11.4
(52.5)		 5.7
(42.3)		 15.3
(59.5)
Average low °C (°F) −7.9
(17.8)		 −6.3
(20.7)		 −2.4
(27.7)		 2.8
(37.0)		 6.0
(42.8)		 9.0
(48.2)		 11.6
(52.9)		 11.6
(52.9)		 8.7
(47.7)		 4.8
(40.6)		 0.3
(32.5)		 −4.6
(23.7)		 2.8
(37.0)
Record low °C (°F) −31.4
(−24.5)		 −33.8
(−28.8)		 −28.8
(−19.8)		 −13.0
(8.6)		 −8.5
(16.7)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 3.0
(37.4)		 2.2
(36.0)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 −21.0
(−5.8)		 −24.2
(−11.6)		 −27.0
(−16.6)		 −33.8
(−28.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 25.3
(1.00)		 24.1
(0.95)		 40.1
(1.58)		 47.0
(1.85)		 42.6
(1.68)		 18.9
(0.74)		 5.9
(0.23)		 5.5
(0.22)		 10.4
(0.41)		 31.8
(1.25)		 34.5
(1.36)		 29.4
(1.16)		 315.5
(12.43)
Average rainy days 8.2 8.9 11.3 14.2 15.7 7.2 3.9 4.1 6.4 9.2 7.7 7.9 104.7
Average snowy days 7.6 7.7 7.1 2.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 3.5 6.3 35.5
Average relative humidity (%) 75 74 73 68 71 71 69 70 74 75 74 74 72
Mean monthly sunshine hours 146.2 153.7 170.4 184.9 245.4 293.6 302.8 274.3 227.1 185.6 153.4 141.0 2,478.4
Source: [12]

Attractions
Anthropology
Attraction Description
The complex of Sheikh Safi-ad-din Ardabili World Heritage Site comprising the mausoleums of Sheikh Safi and Shah Ismail I, Chini khaneh (meaning the house of chinaware), a mosque, Jannat Sara (meaning the house of paradise), Khanaqah (the house of Dervishes), Cheragh Khaneh (the house of lamps), Shahid khaneh (the house of martyrs) and Chelleh Khaneh (the place where devotees shut themselves up during the 40 days of Lent). The mausoleum of Sheikh Safi, the dome of which is called "Allah-Allah" has an octagonal interior.(Virtual tour)
Masjid Jameh Ruins of once magnificent and unique mosque
Mirza Ali Akbar mosque and school This complex dates back to Qajar period
Ardabil Bazaar This Persian bazaar was built during Safavid period and in addition to main bazaar hall with open vaults has a hammam and a small yet mystifying mosque.
Ardabil bridges Ardabil host numerous historical bridges namely Pol-e Gilandeh, Pol-e Nayer, Pol-e Haft Cheshmeh, Pol-e Panj Cheshmeh and Pol-e She Cheshmeh and Qarah Soo Bridge, most were built during Safavid era.
Ardabil bridges Ardabil host numerous historical bridges namely Pol-e Gilandeh, Pol-e Nayer, Pol-e Haft Cheshmeh, Pol-e Panj Cheshmeh and Pol-e She Cheshmeh and Qarah Soo Bridge, most were built during Safavid era.
Imamzadeh Saleh mausoleum The mausoleum of Imamzadeh Saleh who is a descendant of a Shia Imam was built 250 years ago.
Saint Mary church This Armenian orthodox church has a beautiful wooden main door and painted dome built in 1876.
mausoleum of Sheikh Jebra'il located 2 km north of Ardabil
old but always lively bazaar
babadavood anbaran Friday mosque

In addition to these, in many villages of Ardabil, relics of ancient monuments, including tombs have been found.

Being a city of great antiquity, the origins of Ardabil go back 4,000 to 6,000 years (according to historical research in this city). This city was the capital of Azerbaijan province in different times, but its golden age was in the Safavid period.

Geology

Many hot springs and beautiful natural landscapes are in Ardabil and around which attract tourists. The mineral springs of Ardabil (Beele-Darreh, Sar'eyn, Sardabeh and Booshloo) are notable throughout Iran for their medicinal qualities.

Many beauty lakes: the largest of which are Ne'or, Shorabil, ShoorGel, NouShahr and Aloocheh that are the habitats of some species of water birds. The beautiful Lake Ne'or is located in a mountainous area 48 km south-east of the city of Ardabil. It covers an area of 2.1 km² and has an average depth of 3 metres. It is fed by springs in the lake bed.

Attraction Description
Lake Shorabil located in a hilly area south of the city of Ardabil and covers an area of 640,000 m². The surface of the lake is covered with a thin white layer of minerals, being useful for healing skin diseases and rheumatism. Near the lake there is the leisure complex of Shorabil.
Baliqly Chay River Meaning "a river with many fish" in Azarbayjani language, this river originates from the Sabalan Mountains and passes through Ardabil city. As a result, many villages and townships have settled around this river. It also irrigates much of the agricultural lands in this province.
Sabalan (Savalan) mountain Sabalan (Persian: سبلان‎ Sabalân; also called Sāvālān) is an inactive stratovolcano in Meshkinshahr Ardabil province of north-western Iran about 20 miles west of Arbadil. Sabalan is the third highest mountain in Iran and a permanent crater lake has formed at the summit. Sabalan has a ski resort (Alvares) and different tourist areas such as the Sarein spa. The mountain is known for its beautiful vistas, including the Shirvan gorge, where few climbers ever venture.
Savalan's honey.

Colleges and universities
  • Mohaghegh Ardabili University With Architecture and Mechanical Engineering as the most popular department
  • Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
  • Islamic Azad University of Ardabil
  • Payam Noor University of Ardabil
  • Soureh University of Ardabil
  • University of Applied Science of Ardabil
  • Islamic Azad University of Khalkhal

Economy

The economy of Ardabil is partially agricultural, partially tourist-based, with some industries in operation.

The Iranian government in 2006 announced plans to build "the largest textile factory of its kind in the Middle East" in Ardabil.[13]

Arta Industrial Group (AIG) has one of the largest textile conglomerates in Iran, which is located in the provinces called Qazvin and Ardabil. The group has received numerous awards for being one of the top 20 exporters and industrial groups in Iran since 1998. It is the first company to produce high-density fiberboard (HDF), medium-density fiberboard (MDF), laminate flooring and multi-layer films in Iran.

AIG has the first private industrial site in Iran in the city of Ardabil, which has fifteen main factories owned by (AIG). This Industrial zone covers an area of 100 hectares and Residential Area for engineers and managers of the company.

The town has an airport.

Sports
Ali Daei Stadium

Football

Ardabil is host to several football teams. The most popular team in Ardabil is Shahrdari Ardabil, promoted in 2014 to the Azadegan League, the second tier of Iranian football. The city is renowned for producing great forwards, namely former Bayern Munich player and record international goal scorer Ali Daei.[14]

Volleyball

Some International Volleyball Competitions was held in Ardabil: 2017 Asian Men's U23 Volleyball Championship, 2018 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship AVC Qualification and 2019 FIVB Volleyball Men's Nations League (Preliminary Round).

Notable Ardabilis

For a complete list see: Category:People from Ardabil

Twin towns and sister cities
  • Skyline of Ardabil
  • Sheikh Safi's tomb
  • Bazaar of Ardabil
  • Ardabil Anthropology Museum
  • Sheikh Jabraeil's tomb
  • Shahedgah
  • Janbazan square
  • Mohaghegh Ardabili University
  • Winter
  • Ash Dough, Ardabil's notable food
  • Sheikh Safi's tomb
  • Ardabil Museum
  • Yeddi goz bridge (Seven Eyes bridge)
  • Lake Shorabil
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gollark: <@160279332454006795> CC Tweaks actually did have a feature for custom BIOSes. But nobody used it so it was not added to cC: Tweaked.
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See also
  • Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia, 1587–1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, ISBN 978-1595845672, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
  • Sabalan TV
  • Ardabil Khanate
  • Music of Azerbaijan

References
  1. https://www.amar.org.ir/english
  2. M. Medley (August 11, 2011). "ARDABĪL". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  3. Ardabil can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3053565" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
  4. Bosworth, C.E. (1986). "ARDABĪL. i. History of Ardabīl". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  5. "AZERBAIJAN". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2–3. 1987. pp. 205–257.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  6. "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". Islamic Republic of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 2011-11-11.
  7. Federal Research Division (2004). Iran: A Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-4191-2670-3.
  8. Planhol, X. (1986). "ARDABĪL. ii. Modern Ardabīl". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  9. "Ardabil Bazaar in Ardebil , [Iran Tourism & Touring Organization]". itto.org.
  10. "History of the Ardabil Carpet". vam.ac.uk.
  11. Person, Waverley L (2008-07-16). "Significant Earthquakes of the World: 1997". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  12. "آمار 166 ايستگاه سينوپتيك كشور تا پایان سال 2010 میلادی + 37 ایستگاه تا پایان سال 2005". Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  13. "Huge textile factory, largest in Middle East to become operational in Ardebil". payvand.com.
  14. "اردبیل معدن بازیکنان بزرگ ایران اما بدون تیم!". fartakvarzeshi.
  15. "Pact of pariahs forming between Iran and Hungary's Jobbik". Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  16. "Iran's Ardabil, Russia's Volgograd to be sisters". Mehr News Agency.
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