Aphaenogaster oligocenica

Aphaenogaster oligocenica; Temporal range: Lutetian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	A. oligocenica holotype illustration
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Family:	Formicidae
Subfamily:	Myrmicinae
Genus:	Aphaenogaster
Species:	A. oligocenica
Binomial name
	Aphaenogaster oligocenica; Wheeler, 1915

Aphaenogaster oligocenica is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae known from a pair of Middle Eocene fossils found in Europe. A. oligocenica is one of three species in the ant genus Aphaenogaster to have been noted from fossils found in Baltic amber by William Morton Wheeler.[1]

History and classification

When first examined, Aphaenogaster oligocenica was described from a single type specimen worker, with a second specimen being noted as probably belonging to the species, but too obscured by white mold growth in the fossil to be confirmed. Both of the specimen ants are fossilized as inclusions in transparent chunks of Baltic amber.[1] Baltic amber is approximately 46 million years old, having been deposited during the Lutetian stage of the Middle Eocene. There is debate over the plant family which produced the amber, with evidence supporting relatives of either an Agathis or a Pseudolarix.[2] When first described, the type worker was part of the University of Königsberg amber collection as specimen number B5461, and the possible second fossil was specimen number B18570. The fossils were first studied by Wheeler, then a paleoentomologist with Harvard University, who placed the species in the genus Aphaenogaster. Wheeler's 1915 type description of the new species was published in the journal Schriften der Physikalisch-Okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg.[1]

In his 1915 paper Wheeler noted that alongside A. oligocenica, two other Aphaenogaster species are known from European amber fossils A. mersa, and A. sommerfeldti.[1] A third northern European amber species, A. antiqua, was described in 2009, and the authors of the 2009 paper noted a second confirmed A. oligocenica specimen which had been identified during their study.[3] While both A. oligocenica and A. sommerfeldti are known from Baltic and Bitterfeld amber, A. mersa has only been found in Baltic amber and A. antiqua in Rovno amber.[3]

Description

The type worker of A. oligocenica has an approximate body length of 4.5 millimetres (0.18 in), with a large gaster and long legs. Overall A. oligocenica can be distinguished from the related Baltic amber species A. sommerfeldti in several ways. A. sommerfeldti individuals have a more sloped and curved mesonotum with the epinotum showing more tooth-like projections on the surface than seen in of A. oligocenica. The head capsule of A. oligocenica has rugose structuring which displays a reticulation on the rear of the capsule, transitioning to lengthwise striations from the region of the eyes forward. On the thorax and epinotum the striations are well pronounced and placed further apart than those on the head.[1]

gollark: How do you even *get* pure gold from arbitrary ground locations, in significant quantities?

gollark: The *true* form of cereal bars was of course covered up by the lace person.

gollark: It could very much *not* be perceived that way, in a world where culture came out differently.

gollark: It's only that way because it's perceived that way because ???.

gollark: Gold isn't even very good. Apart from the nontarnishing thing. Silver is a better conductor.

References

Wheeler, W. M. (1915). "The ants of the Baltic amber". Schriften der Physikalisch-Okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg. 55 (4): 56–59.
Henderickx, H.; Tafforeau, P.; Soriano, C (2012). "Phase-contrast synchrotron microtomography reveals the morphology of a partially visible new Pseudogarypus in Baltic amber (Pseudoscorpiones: Pseudogarypidae)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 15 (2, 17A, 11p): 1–11.
Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. (2009). "Ants (Insecta: Vespida: Formicidae) in the Upper Eocene Amber of Central and Eastern Europe". Paleontological Journal. 43 (9): 1024–1042. doi:10.1134/S0031030109090056.

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[Wheeler1915-1] Wheeler, W. M. (1915). "The ants of the Baltic amber". Schriften der Physikalisch-Okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg. 55 (4): 56–59.

[Hendrickx2012-2] Henderickx, H.; Tafforeau, P.; Soriano, C (2012). "Phase-contrast synchrotron microtomography reveals the morphology of a partially visible new Pseudogarypus in Baltic amber (Pseudoscorpiones: Pseudogarypidae)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 15 (2, 17A, 11p): 1–11.

[Dlussky2009-3] Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. (2009). "Ants (Insecta: Vespida: Formicidae) in the Upper Eocene Amber of Central and Eastern Europe". Paleontological Journal. 43 (9): 1024–1042. doi:10.1134/S0031030109090056.